修《地方志》有哪些意义，古代修和现代修的意义有哪些异同点？

修《地方志》的意义犹如一面多棱镜，折射出历史的脉络，也映照着当下的需求，更指引着未来的方向。它不仅仅是一部记述某个区域历史地理风貌的工具书，更蕴含着深厚的文化价值、现实功用和长远意义。

一、 修《地方志》的意义

首先，我们从文化传承与认同的角度来看：

保存地方记忆，留住乡愁： 地方志是记录地方历史、文化、风俗习惯、人物事迹的最直接、最权威的载体。它就像一个巨大的基因库，保存着一个地域独有的文化基因，让后人能够了解祖辈的生活方式、思想观念、价值追求，从而构建起对自身文化根源的认同感，缓解当下社会快速发展带来的文化断裂和身份焦虑，维系那份珍贵的“乡愁”。
弘扬地方特色，彰显地域文化： 每个地方都有其独特的气质和魅力，这些都体现在地方志中。无论是秀美的山川风光、古老的传说故事，还是精湛的技艺民俗、特色的人物精神，地方志都能将其系统地梳理和呈现，让更多人了解和欣赏这个地方的独特之处，增强地方的文化吸引力和影响力。
提供历史借鉴，积累治国经验： 地方志中记载了该地区在不同历史时期政治、经济、社会发展过程中遇到的问题、采取的措施以及取得的成效或失败的教训。这些都是宝贵的历史经验，可以为当下的政策制定者提供参考，从中汲取智慧，避免重蹈覆辙，或者借鉴成功的模式。

其次，从现实功用与社会发展的角度来看：

服务经济建设与科学决策： 地方志中的地理、气候、资源、人口、交通、产业发展等信息，对于进行区域规划、项目论证、招商引资等经济活动至关重要。科学详实的地方志能为领导者提供决策依据，优化资源配置，促进经济可持续发展。例如，了解某个区域的矿产资源分布情况，可以指导开发方向；了解历史上的水系变迁，可以指导水利工程建设。
促进旅游开发与文化产业繁荣： 丰富而生动的地方志内容，是吸引游客的绝佳素材。通过挖掘地方志中的历史遗迹、人文故事，可以设计出富有吸引力的旅游线路和文化产品，带动旅游业和相关产业的发展，实现以文化促旅游，以旅游兴经济的良性循环。
普及地方知识，提升公众素养： 地方志不仅仅是专业人士的工具，也应是广大人民群众了解家乡的教材。通过地方志的普及，可以提升公民的文化素养和对家乡的热爱，增强他们的参与感和责任感，共同建设美好家园。
法律法规的追溯与证据支持： 在一些涉及土地权属、历史沿革、边界划分等法律纠纷或行政管理问题时，地方志往往能够提供重要的历史文献资料和证据支持，帮助解决实际问题。

再者，从学术研究与史学发展的角度来看：

丰富史料，推动史学研究： 地方志是不可或缺的基础史料，为研究区域历史、经济史、社会史、文化史、人物传记等提供了大量一手资料。没有地方志，许多地方性的历史事件、人物活动就可能被淹没在浩瀚的历史长河中，难以被学界所认识和研究。
填补历史空白，深化历史认知： 许多中央史书往往侧重于国家层面的大事，而地方志则能弥补国家史的不足，填补地方性历史的空白。通过对地方志的深入研究，可以更细致、更全面地理解国家历史进程在地方层面的具体体现和影响，从而深化我们对整个历史的认知。

二、 古代修《地方志》与现代修《地方志》的意义异同点

异同点分析：

| 维度 | 古代修《地方志》的意义 In ancient times, the primary significance of compiling local chronicles was to record and preserve the local history of a region, including its geographical features, administrative structures, economic conditions, cultural traditions, social customs, and notable individuals. This served several key purposes:

Legitimizing and reinforcing imperial rule: Local chronicles were an integral part of the imperial administration. They were compiled to demonstrate the reach and effectiveness of the central government in different regions, showcase the emperor's benevolent rule through local achievements, and reinforce the legitimacy of the ruling dynasty. The compilation often involved the active participation of local officials and scholars, making it a collective effort to document their allegiance and contributions.
Serving administrative needs: Local chronicles provided essential information for governing the territory. This included details on land surveys, population figures, tax revenues, resource allocation, natural disasters, and public works projects. Such data was crucial for effective governance, taxation, and disaster relief.
Facilitating communication and cultural exchange: By documenting local customs, dialects, and cultural practices, local chronicles helped to bridge the gap between different regions and fostered a sense of shared cultural identity within the empire. They allowed officials and scholars from other areas to gain a better understanding of the local environment and its people.
Preserving local knowledge and achievements: Local chronicles were a repository of local knowledge, including agricultural techniques, craftsmanship, medical practices, and scholarly achievements. This preserved valuable information that might otherwise be lost and provided a platform for local scholars to gain recognition.
Moral instruction and historical exemplars: Chronicles often included biographies of exemplary individuals, highlighting their virtues and contributions to society. These stories served as moral exemplars for the populace and reinforced Confucian values of loyalty, filial piety, and public service.

Modern Compiling of Local Chronicles: Significance and Points of Emphasis

The significance of compiling local chronicles in modern times retains many of the core values of ancient times but with expanded scope, different emphasis, and a more inclusive approach.

Continuity in Significance:

Preservation of local memory and cultural identity: This remains a fundamental purpose. In an era of globalization and rapid urbanization, local chronicles are even more crucial for preserving the unique character of regions, safeguarding intangible cultural heritage, and fostering a sense of belonging and community among residents. They help counteract the homogenizing effects of modernization and preserve the "root" of local identity.
Providing historical reference and lessons learned: The administrative, economic, and social experiences documented in local chronicles continue to offer valuable insights for contemporary governance and development. Understanding past successes and failures in land use, resource management, social organization, and disaster response can inform current decisionmaking.
Promoting tourism and cultural industries: With the rise of cultural tourism, local chronicles are invaluable resources for developing heritage tourism, showcasing local attractions, and creating unique cultural experiences. They provide the narrative and factual basis for understanding and appreciating local history and culture.
Supporting academic research: Modern local chronicles are essential for academic research in various fields, including history, geography, sociology, anthropology, and environmental studies. They provide detailed data and diverse perspectives that are often unavailable in nationallevel histories.

New Emphases and Differences in Significance:

Focus on sustainable development and environmental protection: Modern chronicles are expected to document the environmental changes, resource utilization, and ecological impact within a region. This includes detailing past environmental issues, conservation efforts, and strategies for sustainable development.
Highlighting social progress and grassroots movements: While ancient chronicles focused on official narratives and notable individuals, modern chronicles are more likely to include the experiences of ordinary people, social organizations, and grassroots movements. This provides a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of societal development.
Documenting technological advancements and scientific innovation: Chronicles now incorporate the history of technological development, scientific research, and innovation within a region, reflecting the changing nature of progress.
Emphasis on modern governance and public services: Information on the evolution of local government, public administration, healthcare, education, and social welfare systems becomes a significant part of modern chronicles.
Global and regional context: Modern chronicles are more likely to situate local history and development within broader national and international contexts, examining the impact of global trends and interregional cooperation.
Accessibility and dissemination: While ancient chronicles were often handwritten manuscripts accessible to a limited elite, modern chronicles are printed, digitized, and made widely available through libraries, archives, and online platforms, aiming for broader public engagement.
Scientific methodology and data analysis: The compilation process in modern times adheres to more rigorous scientific methodologies, employing statistical analysis, digital mapping, and multimedia content to present information more effectively and accurately.
Interdisciplinary approach: Modern chronicles tend to integrate insights from various academic disciplines, moving beyond purely historical or geographical descriptions to encompass economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions.

In essence, while the core purpose of preserving local identity and providing historical documentation remains constant, modern local chronicles have evolved to reflect the complexities of contemporary society. They are no longer solely instruments of imperial administration or chronicles of grand events, but rather comprehensive records of a region's multifaceted development, serving as vital resources for governance, research, cultural enrichment, and the ongoing shaping of local identity in a rapidly changing world.

县志记载了满清的凶残，明朝最后一个知县叫姜圻，被满清杀害。顺治年，剃发令死了一波人，明郑打进来，死一波，康熙年，耿精忠打过来又死了一波，为了对付明郑，海禁迁民，又死了一波。

清末，死的更多，太平军占县城半年，又反攻倒算，死了一波，英国人，法国人，德国人，意大利人都来过。守土无能的大清祸害的够呛的。

日本人也来过，民国的时候，打了几次，终于打进来了。干下了无数坏事，奸淫掳掠，国民党军队当然是望风而逃，只有盐警在抵抗，打死好几十人，好像是宋子文的部队，这个需要好好查。

日军还留有一个万人坑，据说尸骨就有四千多。

前段时间看到我舅妈写地方史志（因为我这不是县，不过级别差不多），写的是土壤部分，现在的县志比古代全面的多，也算与时俱进。

你说修县志有什么用，国有国史，地方的县志是对国家历史的补充，我很羡慕有些地方几百年上千年的历史，那种历史的底蕴确实令人沉醉

我老家东北，发过一次大水，幸好有沿江的大坝挡住了，老城区没什么事。然后就有谣言说这个大坝是日本人修的，然后就开始夸日本人怎么好。后来有人一查县志，发现还是中国人自己修的。所以县志最大的用处就是正本溯源，方便后人，现在东北的基层为什么这么讨人厌，就是他们现在的做法跟当年的鬼子，没什么区别。

在《白鹿原》中，刘军长问朱先生，县志里都是啥。

朱先生说：上自三皇五帝，下至当今时下，凡本县里发生的大事统都容纳。历史沿革，疆域变更，山川地貌，物产特产，清官污吏，乡贤盗匪，节妇烈女，天灾人祸……不避宫绅士民，凡善举恶迹，一并载记。

刘军长又问：我军围城肯定也要记入你的县志了？

朱先生说：你围的是西安府不是围的滋水县，因之无权载入本志。你的士兵在白鹿原射鸡征粮及粮台失火将记入本志；你的团长进驻本县吓跑县长，这在本县史迹中绝无仅有，本志肯定录记。

朱先生后来在县志“历史沿革”卷的最末一编“民国纪事”里记下一行：

镇嵩军残部东逃过白鹿原，烧毁民房五十七间，枪杀三人，奸淫妇姑十三人，抢掠财物无计。

朱先生修的是《滋水县志》，这自然是陈忠实虚构的。然而朱先生是有原型的，那就是关中大儒牛兆濂，朱先生半截牛形，朱先生身上所有的元素，基本都是参照牛兆濂而成，牛兆濂是《续修蓝田县志》的主编。

宗族有谱，州县有志，国家有史。

目的只有一个：记住。

作为对照，古印度也有自己的文字，但族无谱，县无志，国无史。印度的历史一片空白，谁都不知道在这片土地上发生过什么，有过什么可歌可泣的故事，有过什么令人无法释怀的过往。印度历史，最终还是是英国人拼凑起来，他们从中国和阿拉伯史料里翻出零星有关印度的往事，来组成印度国史模糊的轮廓。更不要提一个县的历史，这个县有过什么了不起的人（《人物列传》），出过什么了不起的事（《忠义》），山川之名如何而来（《山川》），有过怎样的曲赋歌谣（《艺文》）……

而我们翻阅县志，就会知道：

某乡有一山，现名是什么，原先叫什么，为什么这么叫。曾经有多少人，用了多少工，修筑了山下的那条路，方便几村人的行走。

某年某月的某一天，某村的某民，姓甚名谁，以血肉之躯阻挡盗贼残杀妇孺，被捕后咒骂不绝，被盗贼锤碎了牙齿，割掉了舌头。

这不仅是一种单纯的记录和介绍，更是一种延续千年的精神传承，记住雪中送炭的善意与温暖，记住血流成河的痛苦与屈辱，有谁曾经笃行明志，有谁曾经残害无辜。山依然是那座山，只是名字不同了，有的更是被夷为平地。

但他们的往事，总不能一起永远消失吧？

只能说，古代的方志，比现代的方志，更能表达地方上的真实情况。