异端和邪教有什么区别？ 第1页

异端和邪教没有直接关联。尽管有的异端确实是邪教，但既不是“异端都是邪教”，也不是“邪教都是异端”。

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异端（人） Heretic，异端（学说）Heresy

异端只是说和主流信仰、习俗不同。历史上，宗教改革家基本都被同时期的教廷称为异端。比如马丁·路德就曾被这样形容。

异端往往是一种宗教内部的不同观点。但异端往往并不意味着否定此种宗教。背离、彻底否定一种宗教的，一般叫做“叛教”（Apostasy）。比如，第一位以“异端”名义处死的人物是基督教在阿维拉教区的主教普瑞希利安（Priscillian）。

简单地做个未必恰当的类比。宗教话语中的“异端”类似于共产主义话语中的“修正主义”。

因此，异端并不是一个独立的概念，有异端，必有一个其与之相异的主流信仰/习俗。

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邪教 Evil Cult （非严格场合也简称为Cult）

邪教是完全的另一种概念。

Cult本身指的是与现有主流宗教信仰截然不同的新的宗教信仰。它其实是个中性词。美国法律保护这种“非主流宗教”的权利。

但是呢，一些“非主流宗教”带有一些“洗脑”、“诈骗”、甚至“引发屠杀或大规模自杀”等负面效果，因此，这些“非主流宗教”就被称为邪教。

具体一个宗教是否是邪教，有着很多不同的界定方法。

这里提供了一些不同来源的界定方法：

比方说：

1. 将活人崇拜为神。

2. 热衷于招募新成员

3. 热衷于赚钱。

4. 任何怀疑、反对都会被斥责，甚至被惩罚。

5. 将组织外的人员看作是不道德的。

6. 要求组织成员切断所有与家人、朋友的联系。

7. 鼓励成员只与其他成员一起生活、交流。

8. 领导人不断向成员灌输“你有罪”的思想。

……

加州大学伯克利分校有一套分析标准，也可以参考一下，我就不翻译了：

University of California at Berkeley (19 Characteristics)

Recruitment

1. Deception - Group identity and/or true motives are not revealed. The group leaders tell members to withhold truth from outsiders.

2. Emotional Leverage/Love Bombing - Instant friendship, extreme helpfulness, generosity and acceptance...Group recruiters "lovingly" will not take "no" for an answer-invitations impossible to refuse without feeling guilty and/or ungrateful. "Love", "generosity", "encouragement" are used to lower defenses and create an ever increasing sense of obligation, debt and guilt.

3. Exploit Personal Crisis - They use an existing crisis as a means of getting you to participate. They exploit vulnerability arising from:

• Broken relationships
• Death in the family
• Loss of job
• Move to new location
• Loneliness/depression
• Guilt/shame
• Stress/fear

4. Crisis Creation - They employ tactics designed to create or deepen confusion, fear, guilt or doubt. i.e. "you aren't serving God the way He intended." Questions areas of faith never before examined or explored and attack other faiths specifically.

5. All The Answers - Provide simple answers to the confusion they, themselves, create. Support these answers with material produced or "approved" by the group.

Programming

1. Intense Study - Focus is on group doctrine and writings. Bible, if used at all, is referred to one verse at time to "prove" group teachings.

2. Opposer Warnings - Recruiters are told that "Satan" will cause relatives and friend to say bad things about the group to try to "steal them away from God." Recruits soon believes group members, alone, are truthful/trustworthy.

3. Guilt and Fear - Group dwells on members' "sinful nature" (many use public confession). Guilt and fear arising from "failing God" are magnified to manipulate new member.

4. Schedule Control & Fatigue - Study and service become mandatory. New member becomes too busy to question. Family, friends, jobs and hobbies are squeezed out, further isolating the new member.

5. Attack Independent Thought - Critical thinking is discouraged as prideful and sinful, blind acceptance encouraged.

6. Divine Commission - Leader(s) claim new revelation from God, within past 200 years, in which all but their group are rejected by God. They, alone, speak for God.

7. Absolutism - They insist on total, unquestioning obedience and submission to the group, both actions AND thoughts. Group "love" and acceptance becomes dependent upon obedience and submission. Unconditional love...isn't.

8. Totalism - "Us against them" thinking. Strengthens group identity. Everyone outside of group lumped under one label.

Retention

1. Motive Questioning- When sound evidence against the group is presented, members are taught to question the motivation of the presenter. The verifiable (sound documentation) is ignored because of doubts over the unverifiable (presenter's motives). See Opposer Warnings (#2 above).

2. Information Control - Group controls what convert may read or hear. They discourage (forbid) contact with ex-members or anything critical of the group. May say it is the same as pornography making it not only sinful and dangerous but shameful as well. Ex-members become feared and avoidance of them becomes a "survival issue."

3. Isolation, Separation & Alienation - Group becomes substitute family. Members encouraged to drop worldly (non-members) friends. May be told to change jobs, quit school, give up sports, hobbies, etc.

4. Coercion - Disobedience, including even minor disagreement with group doctrine, may result in expulsion and shunning.

5. Phobias - The idea is planted that anyone who leaves goes into a life of depravity and sin, loses their sanity, dies, or will have children die, etc. Constant rumors of bad things happening to people who leave. No one ever leaves for "legitimate reasons."

6. Striving for the Unreachable - Group membership and service are essential for salvation..."Work your way into God's favor." NO matter what you do, it is never enough.

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总而言之，有一些从主流宗教分化出来的教派可能成为邪教，同时会被主流教派称为异端。但是大量的邪教，并不是明确地从某个主流宗教中分化出来的（尽管可能借鉴了某些主流宗教的元素），因此并不存在一个主流教派使之与主流相异。这样的邪教就不能称为异端。还有一些“非主流教派”，虽然被主流教派称为异端，但并不具备邪教的特征，而只是在一些教义的理解上面有所不同，这种异端也就不是邪教。

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关于历史上的那些教派，这可就复杂得很了，光是胡格诺派就能整整写一本书。题主有兴趣可以自行阅读西方宗教史的诸多著作。

至于最后贴的那两张图。这世界上很多人、组织都和邪教具有一定的相似性。但这并不意味着它们都和邪教有关。

有人可以提出某些政党与邪教有一些相似性，但是其实反过来一看，主流宗教和邪教照样有很多的相似性。邪教本身就是个很复杂的事物，不是简简单单通过一两条特征定义的。不能因为任意两者之间有一定相似性就说什么东西是邪教。