一般有以下几个称呼:
五世纪的教会历史学家,君士坦丁堡的苏格拉底(Socrates of Constantinople)在《教会史》(Historia Ecclesiastica)中写道:
‘Κωνσταντινούπολιν’ μετονομάσας, χρηματίζειν ‘δευτέραν Ῥώμην’ νόμῳ ἐκύρωσεν
君士坦丁堡牧首的正式头衔也包括新罗马:
archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome, and ecumenical patriarch.
In referring to Constantinople he employs πόλις, άστυ, and βασιλεύουσα.
Leo provides numerous references to Constantinople, which he generally calls "Byzantium," but also the "imperial city" (βασιλεύουσα); he refers to it as both a πόλις and an άστυ.
——The History of Leo the Deacon
: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century, Alice-Mary Talbot.
至于意大利的那个罗马城,东罗马人一般将其称作“旧罗马”,正如Historiography and Space in Late Antiquity一书中所说的那样:
At the very start of the Patria, he makes the cryptic statement that, by the time of Constantine, Elder Rome had “reached its limit” (τῶν πραγμάτων αὐτῆς ἤδη πρὸς πέρας ἀφιγμένων), which may mean that it had reached its maximum extent as an empire or, more likely, that its historical destiny had run its course.
官方名字是Νέα Ρώμη (“新罗马”),有时候加上尊称δευτέρα Ῥώμη(“第二罗马”)。
不过具体到帝国臣民的话,的确有人会直接叫君士坦丁堡“罗马”。
《Chronographia》里称君士坦丁堡为ημετέρας Ῥώμης (“我们的罗马”)或者σεβαστὴν Ῥώμης(“尊贵的罗马”)。这符合拜占庭上层那种认为“罗马”是作为帝国首都的罗马,而不是亚平宁半岛上那座特定城市的认识。
典型的表现自然是拜占庭官员怒斥教宗约翰十二世的来信,(就是那个著名的“致希腊皇帝””)
Hear then! The stupid silly pope does not know that the holy Constantine transferred hither the imperial scepter, the senate, and all the Roman knighthood, and left in Rome nothing but vile minions- fishers, namely, peddlers, bird catchers, bastards, plebeians, slaves.
听啊,这个傻子教皇不知道圣君士坦丁把帝国的权柄,元老院和所有的罗马德性迁移到(君士坦丁堡)这里了吗?罗马城里除了一帮渔佬,贩夫,抓雀人,私生子,庶民和奴隶之类的粗鄙贱民之外什么也没留下。
所以,在拜占庭上层眼中,君士坦丁堡肯定比罗马城更“罗马”,至于是罗马和新罗马,还是旧罗马和罗马。两者都是差不多的意思。
当然,一般市民不会去讨论罗马的普世性这种问题。最通常的称呼就是“城”(ἡ Πόλις)。
至于怎么对称呼原来意大利的那个罗马城呢?
最常见的是:πρεσβυτέρας Ῥώμης(“旧罗马”)
也可以翻译成“长者罗马”。