线列战争时期普通士兵的形象究竟是如何的呢？ 第1页

谢邀，然而无从回答。按照知乎惯例这时候就要开始讨论题目了。

1）“而对于战场当中绝对的主角—普通的线列步兵的人物描写却少之又少，往往给人留下的都是模糊不清的脸谱化形象。”相比起一战、二战时期普通士兵们留下的大量书信文件以及影像图片能给后人勾勒出大致的形象出来““

为什么在高中选择拿破仑时代作为业余的爱好。因为这段时间实在是不算久远，有难以计数的回忆录、传记、档案去具体的解释和还原那时的战场、思想、战术、军事组织；而又久远到没有多少值得保密欺瞒的干扰因素。当然时至今日我发现我完全多虑了，因为拿破仑时代的广度和深度远超想象，作为业余爱好者完全没有时间和能力去翻堆积成山的档案馆材料和庞大的从将领到低级军官的回忆录，这是专业研究者的工作，我能做的仅仅是找一个狭窄领域去阅读国外的大师所撰写的作品。这里仅以威灵顿的书信集为例，其原版和增补版合计28卷之多。关于军官士兵们的回忆录和相关信息，仅仅给题主一个数据，奥曼的《威灵顿的军队》里列出附录III的BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENGLISH DIARIES, JOURNALS AND MEMOIRS OF THE PENINSULAR WAR的页码是P375-383，这些材料想要获得理应不难，在archive.org就可以免费获得其中的部分。很多大师写的英文原作，例如John Hussey的神作《Waterloo The Campaign of 1815》；Muir在《Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon》等等都有庞大的军官、士兵的一手材料引用。所以线列战争时代很难说材料稀少。

2）可能是本人知识太过贫乏，看不懂题主所谓一战、二战时期普通士兵所勾勒出的大致形象是指什么。在我的印象里，无论德军、美军、英军、苏军、日军还是中国的国军、共军，与其说我们勾勒出了他们的大致形象，倒不如说我们设计好了一个个纪律严明、军备废弛、军国主义狂热、解放者、士气低落等等脸谱给他们套了上去。如果要讨论他们的形象，将不得不去研究个体，去研究一个国家军队里面不同将领不同分布的军队的士气情况与精神状态，也许未来的研究会得到一个结果，但是现在由于本人知识所限，并不知道这类作品的进度。

3）而那个时期线列步兵们真正的样貌以及心态究竟是如何的呢？他们是被老兵和军士们欺压剥削的对象呢，还是有着崇高理念的爱国者们，又或者只是为了生活被迫从军的人呢？

这个问题就非常简单了，都是；都有；因人而异。

来看看Muir在《Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon》里第一章会战前夜的讨论：

This ebullient self-confidence, resting on past successes, esprit de corps and faith in the general commanding, normally counted for far more than such background factors as love of country, ideological commitment or hatred of the enemy. But individual soldiers also had their own private views, which differed widely according to their circumstances. The dashing beau sabreur of twenty-three anticipating his third battle might hope for honour, glory and promotion; while the 'grizzled veteran' nudging forty and still, thanks to insubordination and drunkenness, a private, would look first to his own survival and then to some hope of plunder - even if only new boots, some provisions or a bottle of brandy! Most young soldiers would be anxious to prove their courage in order to retain their self-respect and the respect of their comrades, without which life in their rough 'military family' would be much more difficult.

这种沸腾的自信基于过去的胜利，团队精神，对指挥官的信任；前者通常比爱国心、意识形态、和对敌人的憎恨这些背景因素有更深的影响。但是不同的士兵有自己不同的观点，根据个体所处的不同环境和经历而大相径庭。一位23岁的潇洒公子可能会期待在第三场会战赢得荣誉、光荣和晋升；而此时一位年近四旬的“灰白老兵”依然由于反抗和醉酒而升迁无望，一位列兵，可能会首先着眼于自己的生存，然后是劫掠的希望-即使只是一双新靴子，一些食物或者一瓶白兰地！多数年青士兵会渴望证明自己的勇气来维护他们的自尊并得到同伴的尊重，如果没有这两者他们的生活在粗暴的“军事家庭”里会相当难熬。

Muir在第一章中举了Jean-Baptiste Barres的例子，在1805奥斯特里茨战前他是一位19岁的帝国近卫军列兵。起先非常热情，笔锋大有为国效死，求仁得仁的意味：

We left Paris quite content to go campaigning rather than march to Boulogne. I was especially so, for war was the one thing I wanted. I was young, full of health and courage, and I thought one could wish for nothing better than to fight against all possible odds; moreover, I was broken to marching; everything conspired to make me regard a campaign as a pleasant excursion, on which, even if one lost one's head, arms, or legs, one should at least find some diversion. I wanted, too, to see the country, the siege of a fortress, a battlefield. I reasoned, in those days, like a child. And at the moment of writing this, the boredom which is consuming me in cantonments (at Schonbrunn) and four months of marching about, months of fatigue and wretchedness, have proved to me that nothing is more hideous, more miserable, than war. And yet our sufferings in the Guard are not to be compared with those of the line.

并且这股热情也催使他克服征途劳苦，并在发热时拒绝去医院。随着长途行军，吃饭和睡眠难以保障，他的记叙转向对荣耀的渴望和对巴黎的安逸回忆的混合。而当他不幸掉队时没有食物和同伴的激励就迅速灰暗，当归队时则不胜欣喜。

但当他抵达奥地利土地时，一切都不一样了。

Soon Barres was shocked at his first sight of the destructiveness of war when he saw a farm thoroughly plundered and half demolished for firewood to keep the troops warm. 'I shed tears over the fate of these poor villagers, who had in a moment lost all their possessions. But what I saw later caused me to regard them as still happy in their misfortune. As I was a novice in the military art, all that was contrary to the principles in which I had been trained surprised me; but I had time, afterwards, to become accustomed to such things.'

他发现他所训练的，坚信的一切都不存在了。他看见一个农场被劫掠，并且拆了一半做柴火为军队取暖。他为这些失去财产的可怜村民的命运落泪。最后他的结语很无奈。

“作为一个军事艺术的新手，这些和我曾学习训练的原则相悖的情况让我惊骇，但是往后我还有足够的时间，去学会适应这些事情。”

随后Muir又用爱德华·科斯特洛中士的回忆录和Barres做了对比（这位先生的回忆录感谢Burnham先生给的链接，在我的灭火小太阳：【翻译】1809年一位英国来复枪手所携带的装备）可以进行下载。

科斯特洛的回忆说明，Barres是一个相对年青的新兵。而很多老兵喜爱战役过程中相对自由和热情的生活，讨厌无聊而且纪律严谨的驻军任务和和平时期的军人生活。

“welcomed the relative freedom and excitement of life on the road, especially when compared to the boredom and discipline of garrison duty or peacetime soldiering.”

通过这些对比，我个人认为，这些形象与其说是线列战争时期普通士兵的形象，倒不如说是普通士兵的形象共性。我很难说线列战争时期士兵的形象和其他战争时期普通士兵的形象有很多的差异点。

硬要说各国军队差异点当然也是有的：

比如Muir在《威灵顿：胜利之路》中引用半岛战争中丰特斯德奥尼奥罗一战中，英军一位71团列兵的记录，指出法军进攻部队热情洋溢，相互叫喊鼓气，而己方则纪律严明宛如僵尸。

How different the duty of the French officers from ours. They, stimulating the men by their example, the men vociferating, each chaffing each until they appear in a fury,shouting, to points of our bayonets. After the first huzza the British officers, restraining their men, still as death, ‘steady, lads, steady’, is all you hear, and that in an undertone.

在《俄国与拿破仑的决战》中指出俄国相比其余国家，士兵对军队，所属团的归属感显然要强，服役时间要久。不清楚这些是不是题主所要的“形象”