虐待动物的人会虐待人吗？ 第1页

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

执行总结

Animal cruelty is linked directly or indirectly with every type of violent crime and even with most non-violent crime.

虐待动物和每一种暴力犯罪，甚至和大多数非暴力犯罪都有直接或间接的关系。

Human beings would benefit enormously if fighting animal cruelty (investigating, prosecuting) were taken seriously. Many human lives would be saved and much human suffering would be prevented.

如果我们严正对待虐待动物行为（调查和起诉），人类将会从中广泛受益。很多人的生命将得以拯救，很多人的苦难将得以阻止。

Violent individuals are “made” and not born. Children are born with a love of animals, but the home environment plays a major role in determining a child’s prosocial or antisocial personality and behavior. Child abuse, neglect, abandonment, and witnessing domestic violence are major factors in creating violent individuals.

暴力犯罪人并非天生的，而是“练成”的。孩子们天生热爱动物，但是在决定孩子亲社会或反社会的个性和行为上，家庭环境扮演了主要的角色。

Enuresis, arson, and animal cruelty in children are early identifying factors related to future violence. Early intervention may be effective in changing the pathological path a child is taking.

儿童的遗尿、纵火、虐待动物为未来暴力确定了最初的铺垫。早期干预可能有效地避免孩子滑入这条变态之路。

The majority of juvenile crime offenders and school shooters were involved in animal cruelty. Most violent crimes are committed by young people under the age of 30. A majority of prison inmates were involved in animal cruelty at some time in their early lives.

大多数青少年犯罪和校园枪手都涉嫌动物虐待。 大多数暴力犯罪都是30以下的年轻人。大多数囚犯都有早年虐待动物的经历。

Dog fighting involves crimes such as drugs, guns, illegal gambling, pet theft, murder, and gang violence. 30 – 35 fatal dog attacks take place annually by dogs trained for fighting.

斗狗行为涉及毒品，枪支，非法赌博，宠物偷窃，谋杀，团伙暴力。每年有30-35起致命狗咬事件都是由训练的斗狗引发。

Serial killers are closely linked to animal cruelty, so much so that it is exceedingly rare to find one who did not begin his or her career with animal abuse.

连环杀人案与动物虐待紧密相关，并且关联度如此之高，以至于你很难找到一个杀手不是从虐待动物开始犯罪行为的。

Domestic violence (child abuse, spouse battering, and elder abuse) is closely associated with animal cruelty. Perpetrators use animal cruelty to control women and children in abusive situations. Battered women often remain in abusive situations out of fear for their pet. Animal cruelty is 11x more likely in domestic violence households than in non d.v. households.

家庭暴力（虐待孩子、配偶和老人）与虐待动物紧密相关。犯罪者往往通过虐待动物来控制受虐的妇女儿童。受虐的妇女出于对宠物的恐惧常常只能被迫忍受。家暴家庭的动物虐待超过非家暴家庭11倍以上。

Stopping domestic violence is a key to reducing our violent culture. Nearly all violent criminals and violent psychiatric patients were abused as children, and nearly all started committing animal cruelty at an early age.

制止家暴是减少暴力行为的关键因素。几乎所有的暴力犯罪和暴力性精神病患者在儿童时代都有被虐待的经历，而这些暴力行为又几乎是早年从虐待动物开始的。


Reasons to Care About Animal Cruelty
关注动物虐待的理由

For people who care about animals, the question never arises. Animals are living, breathing, sentient beings that cohabit the Earth, that feel joy, love, and happiness, but also suffer and feel pain just as human beings do. Cruelty is incompatible with a caring, moral society where empathy is a venerable quality.对关注动物的人来说，他们根本不会提出这样的问题。动物是鲜活的有呼吸有感情的生命，和我们在地球上一起生活，和我们人类一样，能感受快乐，爱与幸福，也能感受或遭遇痛苦。在这个充满关怀，崇尚道德的社会，同情是一个可贵的品质，残忍是与这个社会不相容的。

For those who don’t care about animals, there are still many reasons to be concerned, reasons in their own self-interest. There is a close connection between animal cruelty and most forms of violent and nonviolent crime. Those who are committing or have committed animal abuse are far more likely to be associated with assault, rape, murder and serial murder, arson, domestic violence, and pedophilia, than are nonanimal abusers. Children who begin their young years abusing other living beings are at higher risk of future criminal behavior.对那些对动物莫不关心的人来说，出自各自的兴趣，他们依然有一些理由关注这个问题。动物虐待和大多数形式的暴力非暴力犯罪紧密相联。那些正在虐待虐待动物的人，或者虐待过动物的人，比那些未虐待动物的人，更有可能会牵扯进殴打、强奸、谋杀、连环谋杀、纵火、家庭暴力、恋童癖这些行为中。幼年时有过虐待其他生命的少年，未来犯罪的几率更高。

None of this is conjecture; it is borne out by countless studies and statistics. So why should we care about cruelty?

Fighting animal cruelty would:

n save many human lives

n prevent much human suffering

n prevent much animal suffering

n help to protect children

n help to protect women, children, and elders from domestic violence

n lead to far less human violence overall

Studies done by the Department of Justice, the FBI, the Association of Chiefs of Police, and many commissioned university professors under contract to these organizations show that animal cruelty is: - a predictor of future human violence; - an identifier of likely suspects; - an
indicator of on-going child, spouse, or elder abuse; - and a felony for the most egregious cruelty incidences in all 50 states.

这不是猜想，是由无数研究和统计证明的结论。那我们为什么要关心动物虐待的问题呢？

• n 反对动物虐待，能拯救很多人的生命；
  
• n 反对动物虐待，能阻止很多对人类的伤害；
  
• n 反对动物虐待，能阻止很多对动物的伤害；
  
• n 反对动物虐待，对儿童保护有益；
  
• n 反对动物虐待，有益于保护家暴中的妇女，儿童和老人
  
• n 反对动物虐待，能减少暴力犯罪数量
  

司法部，联邦调查局，警察局长协会以及与这些机构协作的很多大学的研究表明：
动物虐待，是未来针对人的暴力犯罪的预警器，是嫌疑犯的判别依据，是持续的虐待儿童妇女老人的指示器。在美国50州中，大多数严重的动物虐待都会被判重罪。

Violent Offenders Are Made, Not Born

暴力犯罪不是天生的 ，而是养成的

Some psychologists and geneticists might contend that there are “bad genes” that predispose a newborn to a life of violence. While genetics may certainly play some role, “nature versus nurture” is a far more powerful influence. A child’s parents are the biggest influences and role models in his or her life. Children brought up with love and understanding, respect, and pro-social values taught at home and elsewhere are on a path to becoming valued and responsible adults that will repeat such a positive upbringing with their own children.

一些心理学家和遗传学家争辩说，可能“坏基因”导致人的暴力。遗传学当然可以发挥一些作用，但“先天与后天”是一个更为强大的影响力。孩子的父母对孩子生活的影响最大。在家庭和外面伴随爱与理解、尊重、社会价值等成长起来的孩子，成长方向是一个重视价值、富有责任的成人，并且将这种积极向上的行为不断传递给自己的孩子。

In contrast, a child brought up in an abusive home, undergoing neglect, abandonment, sexual, or physical abuse, or witnessing abuse of his or her mother, learns that violence is a normal way of life, and will very likely repeat that cycle when (and if) they become an adult. Along the way, the child may take out his or her anger and frustration on others weaker than they are, likely starting with animals and often becoming a school bully and a future child or spouse abuser. They may also become involved in violent or non-violent crime.

与之相反，在虐待、持续漠视、目睹母亲被虐待的家庭长大的孩子，会将暴力视为生活日常，并在长大成人后很有可能重复这种怪圈。顺着这条怪圈，孩子也会将愤怒和沮丧发泄到比他们弱小的事物上，开始是欺负动物，然后成为校园恶霸，或者未来虐待孩子和配偶。他们也可能参与暴力和非暴力犯罪。

As statistics from federal and state prisons and criminal psychiatric facilities show: Nearly all violent individuals were abused as children, and over 70% of them began their violent careers with animal cruelty.

联邦和各州监狱，以及精神病犯罪研究机构统计数据显示：几乎所有暴力犯罪人在童年都受过虐待，其中70％以上都是从虐待动物开始他们的暴力行为。

If violent offenders are made and not born, why can’t we figure out what makes them and break the cycle?

如果暴力犯罪不是天生而是后天养成的，我们为什么不找到这些犯罪根源并根除它们？

Decades of study by learned institutions, journals, national science associations, psychology and psychiatric organizations, university professors, and other professional associations all lead to one conclusion:

学术机构，新闻媒体，国家科技协会，心理学和精神病学组织，大学教授等专业协会经过几十年的研究，得出一致结论：

Domestic violence is the single most important factor that creates violent individuals and perpetuates the cycle of violence.

家庭暴力是产生暴力犯罪暴力并制造暴力循环的唯一的最重要的因素。

Combatting domestic violence much more aggressively than society has done in the past would be of enormous benefit to society, and animal cruelty is the way most violent individuals begin.

与过去打击社会犯罪相比，阻止家庭暴力有更加积极的意义，对社会更加有益。而动物虐待，则正是大多数暴力犯罪的始发地。

The degree of violence each year is staggering. The Table below shows yearly averages for several types of violent crimes in the US, averaged over about a 20-year period. Fortunately, violent crime has decreased somewhat after the start of the new century, but remains hugely costly in both human terms and societal terms, representing lost lives, lost productivity, and an enormous drain on resources. The estimated cost of child abuse alone is $124 billion per year [1] while the cost of all violent crime exceeds $450 billion [2]. *

每年暴力案件数是惊人的。下表列出了几种在美国暴力犯罪的年度平均值。这个是约20年时间平均值。幸运的是，暴力犯罪进入新世纪后已经开始有所下降。但无论从人的角度还是从社会角度，代价依旧非常高昂，包括死亡人数，生产力损失，以及巨大的资源消耗。单单虐待儿童一项的代价估计是每年1240亿美元。所有暴力犯罪的共计损失超过4500亿美元[2]。*

Definitions of Animal Cruelty

动物虐待的定义

Legally, animal cruelty is defined as “Socially Unacceptable Behavior That Intentionally Causes Unnecessary Pain, Suffering, or Distress To and / or Death of an Animal.”

Most Common Forms of Abuse: Excessive punishment; Chaining; Abandonment; Failure to provide sustenance.

Pathological Cruelty To Animals: Beating; Torturing; Burning; Scalding; Freezing, Skinning; Bone Breaking; Whipping; Amputation; Electric Prodding; Mutilation; Freezing; Killing; Crushing; Fighting.

Some crimes: misdemeanor in 50 states, other crimes now a felony in all 50 states as of 2014.

从法律上讲，虐待动物的定义是“不被社会认可，对动物施以不必要的痛苦，折磨或困扰和/或导致动物死亡的行为。”
最常见的虐待形式：过度惩罚，锁链，遗弃，不提供食物。

病态的虐待动物方式：殴打，折磨，火烧; 水烫; 寒冻，剥皮，打至断骨，鞭笞，切去肢体，电击，伤害至残，杀戮; 踩踏; 让动物互相搏斗。
有些虐待形式美国50个州属于轻罪，其他虐待犯罪截至目前2014年在美国50个州属于重罪。

FBI: There is a very high correlation of violent children with 3 specific behaviors:

Enuresis

Fire-setting

Cruelty to animals

FBI： 3中特定的行为和暴力儿童有非常高的相关性：

遗尿

纵火

虐待动物

（译者注：遗尿和纵火不是本报告重点，只给出了结论，没太多数据。感兴趣的自行谷歌。百度就别找了。肯定找不到的。）

Violence in Schools

While school shootings grab the most attention, school violence is more widespread and encompasses more types of crimes. For instance, in 2012 there were over 749,000 non-fatal violent victimizations among students ages 12-18. At the same time, 9% of teachers reported being threatened by a student and 5% reported being physically attacked. An average of 25 student deaths take place in schools every year, as shown in the chart below. Teachers, principals, and other school staff are also victims. Most school homicides are carried out with guns, others with knives and clubs. In 2013, nearly 18% of high school students carried a weapon to school.

虽然校园枪击事件十分抢镜，其实校园暴力比枪击更加广泛，犯罪形式更多。例如，在2012年在12-18岁学龄段发生749,000多件非致命性暴力侵害。同时， 9％的教师报告受到学生威胁，5％的教师报告受到身体攻击。每年发生在学校的学生死亡案件平均25起。教师，校长和其他学校工作人员也成为受害者。大多数校园杀人案件使用手枪，其余用刀和棍棒。 2013年，近18％的高中生携带武器上学。

43 - 50% of school shooters started out by torturing animals.

• Brenda Spencer (shot 12, killed 2). Set cats on fire.
  
• Kip Kinkle (shot 24, killed 2). Tortured 3 animals per day.
  
• Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold (shot 36, killed 13). Boasted of mutilating animals for fun.
  
• Evan Ramsey (shot 4, killed 2). Stoned dogs.
  

43-50%的校园枪手从虐待动物开始暴力行为。

• Brenda Spencer（向12人开枪，杀死2人）。将猫丢入火中。
  
• Kip Kinkle（向24人开枪，杀死2人）。每天虐待3只动物。
  
• Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold （向36人射击，打死13）。以虐待动物为乐，并作为吹嘘的谈资。
  
• Evan Ramsey（射击4，杀死2）。用石头砸狗。
  

Bullying and Suicide

The tragedy of child suicide is very much connected with bullying.

• 4400 suicides of young people take place per year. For every suicide that takes place, there are at least 100 suicide attempts.
  
• Over 14% of high school students have considered suicide and nearly 7% have attempted it.
  
• A European study found that at least half of child suicides are related to bullying.
  

校园欺凌和自杀

孩子自杀的悲剧和校园欺凌紧密相联。

• 每年发生4400起少年自杀事件。每一期成功自杀事件背后，隐藏着至少100起未遂自杀事件。
  
• 超过14％的高中生曾考虑自杀，近7％曾尝试它。
  
• 欧洲的某个研究发现，儿童自杀至少有一半都与校园欺凌有关。
  

Beautiful People lost to Suicide due to Bullying

因校园欺凌而死的美丽生命

Bullying and Animal Cruelty

校园欺凌和动物虐待

Cruelty to animals is often an indicator of either a bully or a victim displaying anger against the bullying. Bullies are often associated with animal cruelty.

75% of school shooters were either bullies (Kinkle, Johnson) or victims of bullies (Carneal, Woodham, Harris and Klebold). Half the school shooters were torturing animals and bragged about it.

动物虐待往往要么校园欺凌的风向标，要么是反欺凌的受害者的风向标。校园恶霸往往与虐待动物有关。

75％的校园枪手要么是恶霸（Kinkle, Johnson）或欺凌的受害者（Carneal, Woodham, Harris and Klebold）。有一半的校园枪手虐待动物并引以为豪。

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Child Abuse; Spouse Battering; Elder Abuse

家庭暴力 虐待儿童，虐待配偶，虐待老人

It is an astonishing fact that prior to 1962, there was no officially recognized notion of child abuse (or spouse or elder abuse either for that matter). The medical establishment refused to believe that parents would harm their children. Children entering clinics or hospitals with broken bones, black eyes, bruises covering their bodies were simply accident-prone. One doctor, C. Henry Kempe, refused to believe that all those injuries could be accidents and sent a questionnaire to hospitals around the country, summarizing the findings in the first-ever study of battered children. His work literally sparked a revolution, a long overdue awakening that child abuse was not only taking place but was widespread. Abuse took several forms: physical, sexual, psychological, abandonment, neglect. (Sexual abuse wasn’t “recognized” until the 1980’s.)

令人吃惊的是，直到1962年，虐待儿童（配偶，老人）都没有一个官方认可的概念。医疗机构拒绝相信父母会伤害孩子。因为打断骨头、打肿眼睛、全身瘀青创伤而就诊的儿童都只不过当成意外事件。一个叫C. Henry Kempe的医生拒绝承认这些伤害仅仅是意外，给全国的医院寄来一份调查问卷，总结了他对受虐儿童首次研究的发现。从某种意义上说，他的工作引发了一场革命。促使人们迟来的觉醒：儿童虐待不仅发生，而且范围甚广。虐待形式包括：身体虐待，性虐待，精神虐待，遗弃，漠视。（性虐待直到上世纪80年代才得以认可）

Home: A Criminal Training Ground. Exhaustive studies show the connection between child abuse and criminal behavior. “Parental conflict and harsh, erratic discipline have been shown to contribute to juvenile crime. Abused children are at high risk of becoming involved in crime. Households that provide safety, emotional warmth, and guidance foster the development of noncriminal young people even in neighborhoods at high risk for crime” [11].

《家：犯罪的练习场》。无数研究显示儿童虐待和犯罪行为的相关性。“父母冲突和粗暴家规已被证明容易导致未成年人犯罪。虐待儿童引发犯罪的风险尤其高。一个安全、温暖、教育有方的家庭环境容易培养年轻人不去犯罪。这样的环境甚至对犯罪高发区的年轻人都有效果。”

There are over 2.7 million cases of child abuse per year with 160,000 serious injuries and 2000 deaths [12]. Many of the children killed in their homes are under the age of 3; 80% are under the age of 4. Every 5 hours a child is abused to death, and the number is growing.

每年有超过270万虐待儿童案件，其中16万是连续虐待，2000死亡。很多死于3岁以下。80%在4岁以下。每5个小时就有一名儿童被虐待致死，且该数字还是不断上升。

Families involved in child abuse are generally involved in other types of domestic violence including spouse abuse and often in criminal activities including assaults as well [12].

涉嫌儿童虐待的家庭一般来说也涉嫌其他家暴，包括虐待配偶，当然，还有暴力袭击这样的犯罪行为。

Child Abuse and Animal Abuse. It doesn’t take much of a leap of imagination that parents brutalizing children wouldn’t hesitate to do the same to the household pets. In fact, abuse of the family pet is a major way that brutal parents control the child (or the spouse) to enact silence (about the abuse), create desired behavior, and create a household atmosphere of fear.

The connection between child abuse and animal abuse is 70-80%.

《儿童虐待和动物虐待》。不难想象，虐待儿童的父母也会毫不犹豫地将虐待施予家里的宠物。事实上，宠物虐待是残暴的父母控制孩子（或配偶）让他们（对虐待）保持沉默、制造家庭恐怖气氛的一个主要方法。

儿童虐待和动物虐待的关联度为 70-80%.

In one study, 23 families were studied where animal abuse was known to be going on. 83% also had children in the household in danger of abuse or neglect [13]. In another study, 53 families were investigated where child abuse was known to be going on (physical, sexual, or neglect). Animal cruelty was also occurring in 60% of these families, and in 88% of the families where the child abuse was specifically physical abuse. To make it worse, in 1/3 of these families, the children were participating in the animal cruelty, following the example of the parents [14].

在一个研究中，被选中正在虐待孩子的23个家庭，83%的家庭的孩子仍然处在虐待和漠视的危险中。在另一个研究中，53个被调查正在虐待孩子（身体虐待，性虐待或漠视）的家庭，其中60%的家庭仍在虐待动物。88%的家庭仍然对孩子身体虐待。更糟糕的是，1/3的虐待家庭，孩子学着父母，也参与了动物虐待。

The chart above demonstrates the never-ending cycle of abuse. Abused boys and girls are 7 to 9 times more likely to become animal abusers themselves and are statistically likely to abuse their own children in the future.

上图显示了永不停歇的虐待循环。被虐待的孩子虐待动物的可能性高出7到9倍，并且数据显示在未来更可能虐待自己的孩子。

The connection between child and animal abuse is so strong that the FBI officially considers animal cruelty by a child as a likely indicator of ongoing domestic violence to the child and/or the spouse. In 1987, cruelty to animals was outlined as a separate of category of Conduct Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by the American Psychiatric Association. It is a symptom of a disturbed family and a child at risk of a future life of crime. Ironically, it is the family pet, demonstrating loyalty and unconditional love, that could save the children from that antisocial future.

儿童和动物虐待的关系如此紧密，以致FBI正式考虑将儿童的动物虐待作为对家庭儿童虐待和配偶虐待的重要参考。在1987年，虐待动物被美国精神病学协会在精神障碍的诊断和统计手册中列入行为障碍的一个单独科目。它作为未来有犯罪风险的家庭和孩子的症状。讽刺的是，正是这些表现忠诚和无条件给予爱的受虐宠物，可能拯救这些未来反社会的孩子。

Domestic Violence – Abuse of Women

家庭暴力 - 虐待妇女

Just as child abuse wasn’t recognized until the 1960s, the abuse of women wasn’t recognized until the 1970s [16]. Until then:

• Spousal abuse was not investigated

• The medical profession treating injured women would not report the incident to law enforcement

• Police would not arrest women batterers (“a man’s home is his castle”)

• Prosecutors and judges would not take woman battering seriously (which continues to this day to some degree)

如同上世纪60年代人们才认同儿童虐待，70年代才认同妇女虐待。在此之前：

l 配偶虐待不会接受调查

l 治疗受虐妇女的医生不会将事件申报给执法机构

l 警察不会逮捕打女人的男人（“家是男人的城堡”）

l 检察官和法官也不会认真理会被虐妇女（某种意义上说直至今天已是如此）

In 1975, Dr. Lenore Walker began publishing the 1st of 13 books on battered women, and eventually became known as the Mother of the Battered Woman Syndrome. By focusing attention on the issue, she was able to spark a revolution much like Kempe’s over child abuse.

1975年，Lenore Walker博士开始出版了她关于虐待妇女问题的13本著作中的第一部，最终成为受虐妇女综合症的泰斗。因对这一问题的关注，她象关注儿童虐待的Kempe一样，得以开启一场关于虐待的革命。

According to the National Family Violence Survey for 1990, there were 11.6 million victims of violent acts by a partner and 3.4 million cases of severe violence. 31% of female homicides in 1993 were attributed to intimate partners. Only 6.7% of assaults by an intimate partner are reported [18]. Also, as many as 710,000 women are stalked every year by a present or former intimate partner, a crime which terrorizes the victim [19].

根据1990年全国家庭暴力调查的数据，配偶暴力行为的受害者有1160万。严重暴力案件有340万。1993年31%的女性自杀案件源于最亲密的伴侣。只有6.7％得以报道[18]。此外，每年多达71万妇女被现任或前任伴侣恐吓，让受害人陷入恐怖缠绕之中。[19]

The link between domestic violence and animal abuse is as strong as it is with child abuse. For women seeking shelter in safe houses, 71% reported that their partner had threatened, abused, or killed their pet [20-21]. Nationally, 70 to 83% of battered women reported that their partner had abused or killed the family pet [20].

家庭暴力和动物虐待与儿童虐待和动物虐待的一样具有很强的相关性。那些为寻求家中安身之所的求助妇女有71%都提到她们的配偶威胁，虐待或者杀死他们的宠物。在全国范围内，70-83%的受虐妇女报告说她们的配偶虐待或杀死家庭宠物。

More than 50% of battered women stay in abusive situations out of fear for their pets. Batterers nearly always threaten, harm, or kill pets as a fear-based control of the woman.

50%以上的受虐妇女因为担心宠物而被迫待在受虐的环境中。施虐者几乎全部是通过威胁、伤害或杀死宠物作为控制惊恐配偶的手段

Animal cruelty is 11x more likely in domestic violence households than non-DV households. Therefore, animal cruelty is a strong indicator of ongoing domestic violence, both women and children.

家暴家庭的动物虐待超过非家暴家庭11倍以上。所以，动物虐待是家庭暴力（包括虐待妇女儿童）重要参考指标。

Child abuse, spouse abuse, and animal abuse are interlinked.

儿童虐待，配偶虐待和动物虐待密切相关。

Existence of any one of them can be a strong indicator of the others.

任何一种虐待都是可能存在其他虐待的重要参考指标。

Batterers are overwhelmingly likely to have been abused themselves as children. The cycle repeats endlessly unless there is intervention.

施暴者很大可能在童年受过虐待。如果没有干预中断，这种循环会不断传递

A majority of violent individuals generally share a common history of brutal parental treatment and cruelty to animals. 44% of women in shelters reported being forced to participate in illegal acts upon threats to their pets. Threatening the pet is an act of psychological terror to the woman. Only in recent years have DV professionals recognized that by not allowing the woman’s pets along with them into safety, they were turning away many potential victims seeking shelter [22-23].

大多数暴力行为人都有被父母严酷对待并且虐待动物的经历。寻求庇护的妇女中有44%报告说被迫参与虐待家庭宠物的非法行为。威胁宠物能让妇女产生心理恐惧。只是近些年反虐待人员才认识到，由于没有将受虐妇女的宠物和她们一起拯救，他们实际上错过了很多寻求庇护的受害者。

Domestic Violence - Elder Abuse

家庭暴力 - 虐待老人

There is much less information available about elder abuse than the other forms of domestic violence, but what there is continues the trend seen with child and woman abuse. About 1 in 20 elders is abused in some way, amounting to between 1 and 2 million annually. Like child sexual abuse, elder abuse wasn’t recognized as a significant problem until the 1980s [16].

虐待老人的资料相对其他家庭虐待要少。不过它的趋势和儿童及妇女虐待一样。大约20分之一的老人受到某种程度的虐待，这个数字大约在每年1到2百万之间。和儿童性虐待一样，虐待老人这一问题直到上世纪80年代才得以为人们认识。

Studies of Violent Behavior Patterns in Adults

成人暴力行为模式研究

A wealth of information about violent individuals and their early lives is available from the perpetrators or their victims themselves. Sources of information include:

• State Prisons. Federal Prisons.
  
• Psychiatric Hospitals and Psychiatric Clinics.
  
• Battered Women’s Shelters. Abused Child Clinics.
  
• Social Services; Domestic Violence Organizations.
  
• Interviews with Murderers, especially Serial Killers.
  
• Studies of Satanic Groups and Cults.
  

(See Lockwood and Ascione [7])

关于暴力犯罪人和他们早期生活的大量信息，来自于实施人自己和受害人。这些信息包括：

• 州监狱。联邦监狱。
  
• 精神病医院和心理诊所。
  
• 受虐妇女庇护所。受虐儿童诊所。
  
• 社会服务;家庭暴力救助机构。
  
• 杀人犯采访，尤其是连环杀手。
  
• 撒旦组和邪教的研究。
  

（见洛克伍德和阿希奥尼[7]）

It’s clear that a large portion of violent criminals began their careers with animal cruelty. In fact, one study showed that 75% of prison inmates charged with violent crimes had an early record of animal cruelty, arson, and enuresis [7, pg 80]. It’s also clear that a large majority suffered domestic violence in their youth: physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, or combinations of these. What is crucial is the treatment, good or bad, that very young children undergo before the age of three [8]. Domestic violence is the breeding ground for future violent and non-violent crimes.

很明显，很大一部分暴力罪犯是从虐待动物开始的。事实上，一项研究表明，被控暴力犯罪的监狱囚犯75％有虐待动物，纵火，遗尿的早期记录。同样明显的是，大部分囚犯幼年遭遇家庭暴力：身体虐待，性虐待，忽视，或以上综合。解决问题的关键，无论好坏，应该在3岁前的幼儿时期开始。家庭暴力是未来暴力和非暴力犯罪的温床。

The same correlation of violent individuals and animal cruelty is seen around the world, literally in every country. A few examples:

Canada - 70% began with animal cruelty

South Africa - 63% began with animal cruelty

Australia - 95% for combined murder, rape, assault, theft, and drugs.

South Pacific - 62% for assaults, 90% for violence, property, and drug crimes, 100% for sexual homicides.

United States - 63% for violent crimes overall, 70% for combined violence, theft, drugs, and

disorderly conduct.

Statistics on the link between animal abuse and the crimes of 1st and 2nd degree homicide and manslaughter are much harder to find than statistics on serial killers, but since the overall correlation with all violence is close to 70%, it seems likely that a close link

would be found for these crimes as well.

暴力犯罪和虐待动物，同样的相关性全世界可见。不夸张地说，几乎每一个国家都是如此。下面是几个例子：

加拿大：70%的罪犯是从虐待动物开始的

南非：63%的罪犯是从虐待动物开始的

澳大利亚：95%谋杀，强奸，殴打，偷窃和吸毒罪犯有过虐待动物行为

南太平洋：62%的殴打，90%的暴力，毁坏财物和毒品综合犯罪，100%的性犯罪犯人都有虐待动物行为

美国：63%的暴力犯罪，70%的暴力、偷窃、毒品及错乱行为综合犯罪人都有虐待动物行为

一级谋杀和二级谋杀犯的罪行和动物虐待的关系比连环杀手的数据难以取得。不过既然总的相关性接近70%，那么这种紧密联系也应该不难找到。

Gangs and Animal Cruelty

黑帮犯罪与动物虐待

According to the FBI, there are at least 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs with 1.4 million members. Animal abuse is a strong indicator of elder abuse in homes with elder citizens. The reverse is also true: elder abuse is a strong predictor of animal abuse. Elders often remain silent in spite of personal abuse for fear of retaliation against their pet, often their only friend and companion. Gangs are responsible for a majority of violent crimes in many jurisdictions.

根据FBI的数据，美国至少有3.3万街头暴力团伙，摩托飚车族和监狱帮派团伙，人数达到140万。动物虐待是有老人的家庭是否存在老人虐待的风向标。反过来同样如此：虐待老人是虐待动物的重要参考。宠物是老人唯一的朋友和伙伴。由于担心对他们的宠物实施报复，老人经常对人身虐待保持沉默。暴力团伙则是大多数司法管辖区的多数暴力犯罪的始作俑者。

Cruelty: attending and sponsoring animal fighting has become closely associated with gangs. Such fights, like all dog fighting, can be associated with drugs, gambling, weapons, and murder. Fights are also a desensitization training ground for children, teaching them violence and cruelty and a lack of compassion at a very impressionable age. In Chicago, 20% of 2nd to 8th grade children reported attending a dog fight [24].

残酷：参与和赞助动物打斗活动和犯罪团伙千丝万缕。象斗狗这样的活动，伴随着贩毒，赌博，武器和谋杀等犯罪活动。这些打头也是儿童脱敏训练场，教会他们变得暴力和残忍，在一个非常敏感的年龄就失掉了同情心。在芝加哥，据报告20％的2至8年级的孩子参加过斗狗活动 [24]。

The Worst of the Worst ： Serial Killers

没有最糟，只有更糟：连环杀手

Serial killers are the monsters in our midst. While 20,000+ homicides are committed every year, most have motives and clues which leads to their investigation and possible solution.

Serial killers have no motive other than the pleasure of the terror and torture they inflict and the pleasure of the eventual kill. They almost never know the victim beforehand and may kill over months or decades. Estimates are that 1 in 5 homicides may be due to serial killers, and the FBI estimates there are at least 30-50 and possibly up to 500 operating at any one time [25].

连环杀手是隐藏在我们身边的魔鬼。虽然每年有20000人被杀，大多数杀人案还是存在动机和线索可供调查追寻。如果不算他们从受害人的恐惧和痛苦中获取快乐以及最终杀戮的快感，他们是没有作案动机的。在下手前，他们对被害人几乎毫无了解。犯罪时间跨度几个月甚至几十年。估计1/5的杀人案系连环杀手所为。FBI估计，任何时候，至少有30-50甚至高达500起谋杀正在预谋中。

Indicators / Predictors of Serial Killers

• Brutal Treatment or Neglect by Parents or Caregiver

• Head Injuries, especially when young

• Violent to Peers, Siblings

• Arson

• Early Cruelty to Animals

连环杀手的蛛丝马迹

•被父母或监护人粗暴对待或忽视
•头部受过损伤，尤其是年轻的
•对周围人和兄弟姐妹施暴力对待
•纵火
•早期虐待动物

While not all serial killers started out with animal abuse, a large majority did, just as a large majority were abused or neglected as young children. In fact, it’s unusual to find a serial killer who didn’t start out life with these patterns, though the early life of many of them hasn’t been explored in such detail. Animal cruelty as a trait is often ignored by official law enforcement, even though some form of animal abuse is now a felony in all 50 states and animal cruelty has been elevated to a major category in the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report [27].

虽然不是所有，但绝大多数连环杀手都是从虐待动物开始犯罪的。同样，大多数也是在孩提时代被虐待和忽视。事实上，这个模式之外的连环杀手并不常见，即使他们的孩提时代经历无法详细揭秘。虽然一些动物虐待在全美50州构成犯罪，并被列入FBI统一犯罪报告的主要目录中，犯罪人虐待动物这一特征仍然往往为官方执法机构所忽略。

The United States, with 5% of the world’s population, produces 75% of the world’s serial killers [25]. As already mentioned, the FBI estimates there may be 500 serial killers at large. Law enforcement (society) spends hundreds of millions of dollars trying to apprehend them and almost nothing on prevention.

美国人口只有世界的5%，连环杀手却有世界的75%。如前所述，FBI估计还有多达500个连环杀手尚逍遥法外。执法机构（社会）花费数百万美元的巨大成本试图逮住他们，但在他们犯事之前几乎一无所获。

Childhood abuse and animal cruelty are major identifying factors of serial killers.

儿童虐待和动物虐待是确认连环杀手的主要参考。

If police, prosecutors, judges, social services, teachers, child welfare, and guidance counselors paid attention to the predictive factors, many lives could be saved and many killers / rapists stopped before they start.

如果警察，检察官，法官，社会服务机构，教师，儿童福利机构和辅导员注意这些潜在因素，许多人的生命会得以拯救，很多杀人/强奸在案发前就能预先终止。

Summarizing the Evidence: There’s a strong correlation between animal cruelty and:

Juvenile Violence Violence in Schools

Child Abusers Domestic Violence

Rapists Pedophiles

Aggravated Assault Bullies

Gang Violence Elder Abuse

Sexual Murderers Serial Killers

Violent Psychiatric Patients

证据总结：虐待动物和下列行为就有很强的相关性：

青少年暴力 校园暴力

虐待儿童 家庭暴力

强奸 恋童癖

严重袭击 欺凌

黑帮暴力 虐待老人
强奸杀人 连环杀手
暴力精神病

Nearly all violent individuals were abused as children.

几乎所有暴力行为人都有儿童时被虐待经历

Multiple studies have shown that the biggest factors in continuing the never-ending cycle of violence in society are: domestic violence including child abuse, poverty, and absent fathers. Of these, the one with the greatest impact is child abuse, and animal cruelty accompanies it every step of the way.

多项研究表明，导致暴力持续不断并不断循环的最大社会因素是：家庭暴力（包括虐待儿童），贫穷，丧父。其中，影响最大的一个因素是儿童虐待和动物虐待。它们几乎贯穿在这个循环中的每一步。

“Child abuse, spouse abuse, and animal abuse are three fields which are linked; existence of one can be a strong indicator of the others…. Many violent criminals share a common history of brutal parental treatment and cruelty to animals” [20]. We saw earlier the statistic that 88% of families in one study in which physical abuse was going on had animal abuse as well [14]; other studies put the number as at least 60-75%. Children who witness domestic violence and /or animal abuse are at risk of becoming violent and abusers themselves. “Cruelty to animals allows children to become desensitized to heartless violence or to learn to enjoy the administration of pain and suffering” [28].

“虐待儿童，虐待配偶及虐待动物是三个互相关联的领域。存在一项是存在其他几项的重要标志。……许多施暴者都有被父母严酷对待并且虐待动物的经历。“[20] 根据前面的统计，一项研究显示，88%的家庭如果存在人身虐待，那么也同时存在动物虐待。其他研究认为这个数字至少在60-75%之间。目睹家庭暴力和动物虐待的儿童很可能成为施虐者。 “虐待动物让孩子变得麻木无情，或者学会从施虐中获得控制感。“ [28]。

It would be impossible to overemphasize this point: child abuse is the single biggest reason that violence continues year after year, decade after decade, and animal abuse goes hand in hand with it. Every 5 hours a child is killed by abuse or neglect, and 80% of them are under the age of 4 [8]. In Ghosts From The Nursery, the authors point out that during gestation and the first 3 years of life, the brain is undergoing dramatic growth and transformation. Abuse of babies and toddlers alters their brain chemistry, and it can create irreparable emotional damage. “Prenatal development and the first 2-3 years of life are the times when the genetic, organic, and neurochemical foundations for impulse control are being created. It is also the time when the capacities for rational thinking and sensitivity to other people are being rooted–or not–in the child’s personality” [8, pg 66]. Portions of the brain such as the prefrontal cortex connected to empathy and compassion are stunted in development by early child abuse.

And all this before they learn to talk.

有一点无论怎么强调都不为过：儿童虐待是暴力年年不断代代相传的的最大单一原因。而动物虐待也通过它代代相传。每5个小时就有一名儿童因虐待或漠视而死，其中80%的儿童不到4岁。在Ghosts From The Nursery一书中，作者指出，在母体和最初的3年，人的大脑会迅速成长和蜕变。虐待婴幼儿会改变他们的大脑化学结构，并造成无法挽回的情感创伤。”产前和最初2-3年是控制冲动的基因，器官以及神经化学基础的建立时期，同时也是理性思维和对待他人的感性情感在儿童个性中根植或无法根植的时期。大脑的某些部分，如连接到同情和怜悯的前额叶皮层，因早期虐待儿童导致发育不良。

而这一切，都是在他们学会说话之前发生的。

“What happens to turn children into vicious killers? How can a child grow into an adult who enjoys torture and killing? It is the brain that mediates this metamorphosis from baby to killer, and it is the environment that shapes the entire process” [8, pg 165]. By the age of 5, the game is all over – the seeds of future violence have already been planted. It is society’s good fortune that not all abused children become violent criminals, but many of them do. The fraction of nonabused children who become violent adults is far smaller.

“到底发生什么把孩子培养成恶性杀手？一个孩子怎么长成喜欢虐待和杀人的成人？正是大脑将这种变态从婴儿传导到杀手，而整个过程又在环境中塑造完成。“[8，第165]的环境。到5岁的时候，游戏结束了 - 未来暴力的种子已经种下。幸运的是，，并非所有受虐儿童都成为暴力罪犯，但其中许多却无法幸免。未受虐待的孩子谁成为暴力成年人的比例要小得多。

Programs which intervene at an early stage, which teach good parenting practices, which give help to overwhelmed new parents with advice and support, which ensure good care and nurturing to babies and toddlers, have a good chance of preventing this paradigm, but as the Ghosts.. authors point out, programs aimed at prevention are chronically underfunded and don’t last long. Like it or not, society would rather incarcerate offending individuals and in effect perpetuate the violence phenomenon than prevent it from happening in the first place. “Garnering the committed political support necessary to turn the tide for even one generation of our children continues to elude us” [8, pg 285].

不管你喜欢与否，社会宁可得罪关押的个人和有效延续比防止它摆在首位发生暴力现象。 “一举拿下必要的坚定政治支持，以力挽狂澜，即使一代我们的孩子，我们仍然”[8，第285]。早期干预的项目是教导家长如何为人父母。这些项目给那些不堪重负的新父母以建议和支持，确保婴幼儿得到良好的照顾和养育，避免进入这种暴力循环模式。但是，就想the Ghosts作者指出的那样，这种旨在预防的项目长期资金不足无法持续。不管喜欢与否，社会宁愿关押犯罪人，让暴力循环不断持续，也不愿意防患未然。“获取坚定的政治支持，挽救哪怕一代儿童，就会让暴力长久地远离我们”

SUMMARY

总 结

PREVENTION.

Taking animal cruelty seriously can prevent future assaults, rapes, murders, and spouse, child, and elder abuse.

预防

严肃对待处理动物虐待可预防未来的袭击，强奸，谋杀以及对配偶，儿童和老人的虐待。

INTERVENTION.

Juveniles, adolescents, and adults who are abusing animals are on a path toward human violence. Identifying them early can save many human lives and much suffering.

干预

虐待动物的儿童，青少年和成人正走在对人类暴力的道路上。越早锁定他们，越能拯救更多人的生命，减少更多的痛苦。

INTERDICTION.

Animal cruelty is an identifier of those who may have committed violent crimes. On average, as much as 70% of those guilty of violence have been involved in animal abuse.

禁止

虐待动物是暴力犯罪倾向的风向标。平均而言，高达70％暴力行为人曾涉及虐待动物。

-------以上内容翻译自-------

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  si-xiang-zhe-29-68 网友的相关建议: 
      

金轮的内力高于老五绝，跟杨过郭靖持平。

杨过赢金轮在于一招争先，打了金轮措手不及。其实杨过在没兵器被金轮虐的时候，想的是他的玄铁剑。。

三人联手是要抓金轮，不是分上下。金轮打不过，还不能跑？金轮一想到一灯周伯通联手他就要归西，所以想跑了，结果黄药师一来丁字形站位，跑不掉了。。

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老五绝可以靠招式经验扳平金轮，但是长期了估计扛不住，年龄太大了，内力也吃亏。。十六年前金轮可能是个憨憨，十六年后不一样了。

其实金轮年龄也不小，比郭靖大二十，比老五绝小一二十。但是金庸貌似忘了他年龄，七老八十了还练功更进一层。。

金轮应该跟杨过一个层次，比郭靖差一点，比老五绝基本持平长期可能赢。

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  yindaweiCN 网友的相关建议: 
      

因为资金需要避险啊。英国一旦脱欧成功的话，汇率会大跌，海量的资金都要从英镑区和欧元区跳出来。那这时候比较好的办法就是投资黄金白银或者其他相对稳定的货币。其实现在不光日元涨，美元也在涨，不过不如涨的不如日元多罢了。

而且现在的国际社会，日本在经济上的块头够大，但是政治上没什么自主权，典型的不搞你搞谁？

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  liu-jian-83-21 网友的相关建议: 
      

应该禁止城市区域饲养宠物狗。

恶狗咬伤女子，新闻引发全国网友高度关注。

狗患的事也不仅仅是地方的问题，希望国家要高度重视。

其实有识之士早就讲了，城市就应该禁止养犬。

群众的眼睛是雪亮的：文明养狗是最大的谎言。

其实原先我国的城市都是禁止养犬的。

后来自从放开城市养犬之后，狗患就失控了。

现在很多群众都在呼吁城市必须恢复禁止养狗。

这个文明养狗的虚伪道路已经走了20年以上了，在政府采用文明养犬的思路的这么多年里，狗患还在不断加剧，足以证明文明养犬此路不通。

现在养犬管理的思路有严重的问题，采用了太多爱狗人士那些虚伪的理念。

在“爱狗”这个西方价值观的指导下，是不可能治理狗患的。

现在政府对不栓绳的狗不捕杀，对无证的狗不捕杀，甚至咬过人的狗也不捕杀。

更可怕的是，居然还把流浪狗收容起来，用财政去喂养。

所以说现在养犬管理的思路太在乎那些爱狗人士的意见了。

而爱狗人士其实只是一小撮，爱狗人士是善于抱团制造虚假民意的。

现在群众对爱狗人士干涉养犬管理思路非常不满。

我们现在要求几点：

一，对流浪狗必须一律捕杀，不能长时间收容。

二，对于无证犬必须立即捕杀，不能补办狗证之后去“合法扰民”。

三，对于不栓绳的狗，应该一律捕杀，不能给三次机会。

四，咬过人的狗，必须立即捕杀。

五，要根本解决狗患，真的必须往城市禁止养犬这个方向走。

一方面，要立刻停止办理新的狗证，不能再允许增加新的狗了。

另一方面，要对现有违规的犬，一律捕杀。而不是交一点罚款又把狗还给狗主人了。

狗患，绝对不是仅仅靠遛狗栓绳就能解决的。城市养犬的泛滥成灾，玩物丧志，毒害人的灵魂，本身就是很大的问题。

政府要拿出决心，什么时候下决心城市禁止养犬了，什么时候狗患就解决了。

如果再继续按照文明养犬这个思路走，那么还是会不断发生恶狗伤人事件。这么多年一直都是走的文明养犬道路，狗患解决了吗？政府领导难道真的想不通城市不适合养犬这个基本的道理吗？

有的群众心里意见非常大：因为有些当官的自己家里就喜欢玩宠物狗。

但养宠物狗明明是资本主义的生活方式。

所以要想解决狗患，党员干部要克制自己玩狗取乐的爱好，要带头不养宠物狗。

饲养宠物狗这点点癖好，带来的矛盾是不共戴天的。粉饰太平是不可能的。所以这种养宠物狗的嗜好就必须戒掉。

城市必须禁止养犬。

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