相关书籍和文献在文中都用引用的形式给出,具体书名,文章名在文后Bibliography中给出。
17年9月10日略更新====================================================================
语言哲学其实有非常久远的历史,可以从柏拉图的开始。当时柏拉图就开始讨论一个名字和它的指称之间的关系,他区分两种可能的关系,两者关系是单纯约定的—Conventionalism,两者关系是必然的—Naturalism(并不是现代语境中的自然主义)。然后在中世纪,直到近现代,洛克的Ideal theory of Meaning,Berkeley的Alciphron,Reid的Speech Act Theory都是对语言哲学的讨论。所以事实上语言哲学并不是一个缺少历史的领域。对语言哲学的历史感兴趣的推荐 (Cameron, Hill, & Stainton, 2016)。
当然大家所熟知的语言哲学是从弗雷格开始的。弗雷格对于Sense和Reference的讨论奠定了Frege's Puzzle这个经典的语言哲学问题。同时对于心灵哲学中的内容理论(Theories of Content)和知觉内容(Perceptual Content)等领域有很大的影响。另一方面他对于Compositionality的贡献奠定了现代形式语义学的基础。而这一条规则甚至被Heim and Kratzer称作Frege's Principle。(Heim & Kratzer, 1998)
从弗雷格往后,语言哲学基本上成为了一个哲学当中的独立的分支,并且在二十世纪一度成为First Philosophy。(这个称号来源于Dummett)这个领域当中处理的问题非常庞杂,而且有很多问题之间并没有紧密的联系,显得这个领域比较松散。但可以确定的是语言哲学的主要问题都围绕着语言的意义来展开。一般来说,语言哲学处理的问题包括有,
就语言哲学的发展前景来说,大致会有这些方向
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