为什么1858年美日签订的《通商条约》中会有“禁止鸦片贸易”？ 第1页

不请自来答一发。老实说，答主很怀疑幕府真有那种鸦片祸国的自觉。从答主读过的资料来看，要不是哈里斯极力推动，幕府也未必主动会把这一条加进去。

如果说幕府害怕鸦片的话，那恐怕也不是害怕鸦片本身带来的危害，而是害怕鸦片背后的英国。而哈里斯能促成条约，很大程度上也是因为他极力渲染英国侵略日本的野心，让幕府害怕了。1857年，哈里斯和老中·堀田正睦会谈时说：

……opium has been the cause of the troubles in China. Thirty years ago opium was used only at one place, near Canton, in China, but now it is used in many parts by millions of people, who spend vast sums to obtain it. I have heard that two years ago China imported opium to the amount of $25,000,000. Opium is the one great enemy of China. If it is used it weakens the body and injures it like the most deadly poison; it makes the rich poor and the wise foolish; it unmans all that use it, and by reason of the misery it brings robbers and acts of violence increase. About one thousand criminals are executed annually for crimes committed while under the influence of opium; but not withstanding this punishment crimes are on the increase. The uncle of the reigning Emperor of China died from the effects of opium.

……鸦片是中国祸乱的根由。30年前，鸦片只在中国广东附近才有人用，但是现在几百万人都倾家荡产买鸦片烟抽。我听说两年前，中国花了2千5百万美元进口鸦片。鸦片是中国的大敌。抽鸦片的人身体虚弱，就像中了最致命的毒一样。富人抽了鸦片会变穷，聪明人抽了鸦片会变傻。抽鸦片的人已经不配再当人了，他们为了鸦片去偷去抢，去使用暴力。中国每年处死1000个为了鸦片犯罪的人，然而就算这样，铤而走险的人还是越来越多。连中国皇帝的叔叔都抽鸦片抽死了。

如果幕府真的对大清的现状有所了解，恐怕也不用哈里斯费这么多口舌科普。不过想想也是，毕竟在鸦片战争到黑船叩关这13年间，幕府都是只要炮舰不开进东京湾来就好，能过一天算一天的。哈里斯接着就谈到了英国，其实这才是幕府关心的事情，也就是继美国之后，还会有哪些列强跑来找日本的麻烦。哈里斯说道：

The opium used in China comes from India, which is subject to England……Though opium is, as I have said, a very bad thing for China, England will not prohibit it, because the trade is profitable……China has prohibited the importation of opium; but the English bring it in armed vessels and smuggle it in……It appears that the English think the Japanese, too, are fond of opium, and they want to bring it here also.

中国的鸦片来自印度，印度是英国的殖民地……虽然像我刚才说的，鸦片把中国害惨了，但是英国才不会禁止鸦片贸易呢，因为能赚大钱啊……就算中国禁止进口鸦片了，英国也会开着炮舰，强行输入鸦片的……英国貌似盯上了日本，x也想在日本身上搞这一套，把鸦片带到日本来。

虽然历史上没有记载堀田的反应，但是听了哈里斯这么一说，估计也是要吓尿了。但是哈里斯马上给他吃了包辣条压惊，啊不对，给他宣传了布坎南总统的政策是多么亚克西：

The President of the United States thinks that for the Japanese opium is more dangerous than war. The expense of a war could be paid in time; but the expense of opium, when once the habit is formed, will only increase with time.

美国总统先生认为，对日本来说，鸦片比战争还危险。战争的赔款总有还清的一天，但是染上了鸦片瘾就一发不可收拾了。

The President wishes the Japanese to be very prudent about the introduction of opium, and if a treaty is made, he wishes that opium may be strictly prohibited……The President assures you that if you have intercourse with other countries, and allow agents to reside in the capital, the country will be quite safe. I must congratulate your country that no war has taken place for hundreds of years; but peace, when continued too long, may be injurious, as thereby the military power may become weak and inefficient.

美国总统先生希望日本人对鸦片提高警惕，所以美日两国签订条约的话，他希望加入禁绝鸦片的条款……总统先生保证，只要日本允许美国的外交官在首都居住，日本就不会在和其他国家的往来中受到伤害。日本在之前的几百年里都没打过仗，我诚心表示祝贺；但是要知道，过于长久的和平会使国家的武备废弛，是有害的。

读哈里斯和堀田的会谈记录很有趣，因为你可以从哈里斯讲话方式的转变来猜测堀田的反应。哈里斯从美国总统的政策转到打仗的问题上来，说明堀田还是犹豫不决，必须得放狠话吓唬他。哈里斯接着说：

The President regards the Japanese as a brave people; but courage, though useful in time of war, is subordinate to knowledge of arts……In time of war steamships and improved arms are the most important things. If war should break out between England and Japan, the latter would suffer much more than the former……If Japan had been near to either England or France, war would have broken out long ago. The great distance between the countries is the reason why peace has been preserved thus long. In case of war, a treaty would have to be made at the end of the war. The President wants to make a treaty without any war, and with mutual goodwill and respect.

总统先生认为日本的人民非常勇武，不过勇气虽然在打仗时很有用，说到底还是不如知识……现在战争中，先进的枪炮和蒸汽船才是最有用的东西。如果英国和日本开战的话，日本一定会受到比英国更大的伤害的……如果日本和英国、法国离得很近的话，早就要被侵略了。日本能维持现在的和平，也只不过是因为距离太远而已。条约总是在战争之后才签订的，但是总统先生想要避免和日本的战争，而是凭着双方的诚意和尊重来签订这份条约。

哈里斯话都说到这份上了，就算是智障也该明白他的意思了。哈里斯最后又跟堀田许愿：

If I write in my name to the agents of England and France residing in Asia and inform them that Japan is ready to make a commercial treaty with their countries, the number of steamers will be reduced from fifty to two or three.

如果我以我的名义通知英国、法国在亚洲的外交官，说日本已经准备好和外国签订通商条约的话，他们就只会派两三艘蒸汽船，而不是50艘炮舰的舰队过来了。

一种【有大哥罩着你，你还怕啥呀】的感觉。堀田也不是智障，当然是老老实实地认了哈里森当大哥。

至于美国为什么主动帮日本禁止鸦片的话，首先美国不生产鸦片，又没有生产鸦片的殖民地，也不靠卖鸦片赚钱。美国南方的种植园一般都种烟草、棉花什么的。日本禁绝鸦片，于美国无损。其次，美国掰开日本紧闭的大腿，啊不对，紧闭的大门，重点是为了向日本输入美国的廉价工业品。如果日本人都中国人那样卖儿鬻女地买鸦片抽，就没钱买美国的商品了。

而且美国和英国也是竞争关系。英国的鸦片相当于开了外挂，不把挂ban掉这游戏就没法玩了。美国还是很重视商业上的平等竞争的，在安政五国条约中也能看出来。后来美国提出在中国市场门户开放，其实也是秉承了这种理念。但是对与日本和中国来说，不管怎么样都要被列强玩，只是玩法温♂柔了一点而已。

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参考资料：

Stelee M. William (2009) "Townsend Harris on the art of diplomacy: some documents in translation". Asian cultural studies. vol.35