为什么现在很多媒体评价不利，特朗普民调还这么高？ 第1页

以前答过一个类似问题了，

关于新闻媒体的堕落，再补充两个。

提个2011年的这本书罢。
书名很长，《最后的记者，请关灯好吗？》
副题《新闻的坍塌，如何修复》

Robert W. McChesney和Victor Pickard整理了32篇论述新闻业危机的文章。
那还是2011年，新闻业已经明显向自由派的大城市集中，乡村地区的声音已经愈发微弱。
结果就是，偏见的传统媒体，已经失去大家信任。主流媒体自作聪明的Fact Checker，根本是左派记者和左派读者的自娱自乐。

这种情况下，六七年过去，美国人就真的没有媒体了吗？
大家新闻获取的最主要途径，现在是社交媒体上总统的Twitter直达信息，和Reddit，4Chan这样的讨论版。

讨论版上，随手翻翻，
人家有自己的报道，

自己的Fact Checker

有自己的社论Op-Ed，

“很多媒体评价不利”？这个“很多媒体”的定义显然是不完全。广义的“媒体”，已经完全不同于如今臭名的“主流媒体”MSM了。

再说一个传统媒体人，水门时代，当年那个《华盛顿邮报》的英雄记者Bob Woodward。
新近在Master Class开课讲调查报道（Investigative Reporting）。

看看他给今天新闻记者的忠告。

译两段在这里，

把观点留给社论版（Leave Opinion in the Op-Ed Column）

我们要基于事实。我们要找出发生了什么，为何发生。如果你混合了（事实和观点）——我觉得现在经常是这样，本该专注事实的调查记者，上电视去表达他们的政治观点。所有人都在说“弹劾”，聊那些新闻机构里应该绝对避免的事情。

We are fact based. We are trying to find out what happened and why. If you mix, as I think now occurs often, the investigative reporters, the people focusing on facts, will go on television and give political opinions. And all kinds of people began to talk about "impeachment" and talk about that things in the news organization that needs to be separated dramatically.

这是关乎公众信心的事情。大家相信媒体吗？当大家看见写全面报道的人，早早地就做出了政治判断，大家就会问：“等等，这文章是有目的的吧？”

It is a matter of public confidence. Do they trust the media? And when they see the people writing the detailed stories reaching political judgment so often prematurely, they will say, "Wait a minute. Is this a crusade?"

让社论的作者来表达他们各样的观点。对一个普通记者，无论是在华盛顿，还是县政府，我觉得有些事已经不对了。如果你发现了漏洞，就报道。但一定把政治情绪和事实分开。Carl Bernstein和我报道水门事件的时候，我们写了关于John Mitchell的一篇，Nixon就是用他来执行了所有的非法活动，包括水门大厦的潜入。我们都意识到这是个大事。我们是在指控前司法部长的恶行。我们发了这个报道，Carl感受到那种大事将近的感觉。他转身跟我说，“你看，这个总统要被弹劾了。”我想了想说，“是，是朝那个方向去了。但是我们千万不能在新闻里用‘弹劾’这个词语。因为大家会认为我们带了政治目的。”Carl同意了。我记得一年下来，“弹劾”的字眼没有出现。直到周六夜大屠杀，Nixon开除了特别检察官。那是大风暴，国会议员命在众议院里提出了弹劾的议案。众议院司法委员会的调查也由此开始。

Let the Editorial page, let the opinion writers have their crusade one way or another. I think for basic reporters on any level, whether on Washington, if it's in county council, in some place in Idaho, something is going wrong. if there is a hole in the system, report on that. Separate the political emotional coverage from those facts. When Carl Bernstein and I were working on the Watergate story, we wrote an article that John Mitchell, the person who Nixon had authorized the dispense of all this cash for illegal activity including the Watergate burglary. We realized that this was a big step. We are accusing the former Attorney General of the United States of being a crook. We ran the story. Carl got this shudder, this very dramatic realization. He turned around and said to me, "You know, this president is going to be impeached." And I thought and said, "You are right. I think this is where we are going. But we can never use that word 'impeachment' in the newsroom, because people will think we are on a political crusade. " Carl agreed, and as best I can recall, for a year, the word "impeachment" was not used. It didn't become an issue until the Saturday night massacre when Nixon ordered the firing of Special Prosecutor. And that was a firestorm, and members of Congress introduced impeachment resolution in the House of Representatives. That began the House Judiciary Committee investigation.

不要选择政治立场（Don't Take Political Sides）

尽力不选边。这很难。但只有这样，大家才相信你。你个人的观点，不光是在报道中要去除，最好是在平常的交流中也不要有。有人骂过我共和党，也骂过我民主党，还骂过我自由派，保守派。我其实从没有卷在这些争吵之中，希望大家都看得出来。让大家确信你的中立，是你的责任。

Try to stay off sides as much as possible.That's difficult. But there needs to be, if you can, a coherent confidence in who you are. And bleaching your personal opinions out of not just the story, but your interaction with people is most desirable. I have been accused of being a Republican, I've been accused of being a Democrat. I've been accused of being a liberal. I've been accused of being a conservative. And I really don't have a dog in that fight. And hopefully people know that. But in a sense you have to convince them.

我定期去Fox新闻的Chris Wallace访谈，也定期去MSNBC。MSNBC是左派，Fox算右派。有人告诉我，我是唯一一个在这两大新闻网上节目的，有时候甚至在同一天出镜，或再同一周。因为我尽力保持中立。这个位置的确狭窄，没有很多人和我一同站在这里。

I do Fox News Chris Wallace Show regularly, and do MSNBC regularly. MSNBC is thought as to the left. Fox News is thought to be on the right. Somebody told me the other day that they looked at that, and think I'm the only person who will do both of those networks, sometimes on both on the same day, or the same week. It's because I'm trying to stay in the middle. It's narrow ground. There aren't a lot of people standing there with me.

不光是记者，对任何人来说，每一天保持一致都是极其重要。

I think it's very important, not just reporters but everyone if you can, to be the same person every day to whomever you are dealing with. If you as a journalist, go to somebody and say, "Can you believe what the President's done

有件我不做的事，就是在总统选举中投票。我认为这是极端的，对自己内心的一个告诫，我必须……不是我不在意。而是说，我不参与这个过程，因为我必须站在这路上的中间一道。

One of the things I don't do, is I don't vote in Presidential elections. I think it's a way externally and internally of sending the message that I really..., it's not that I don't care. It's that I'm not participating in this process, 'cause I need to be in the middle of the road, the center lane.

我从来不会建议别人不去投票。我是跟Leonard Downie学的，他在Atlantic接任Ben Bradlee作执行主编，他就明确表示自己是不投票的。我头一回听说这种方式，我觉得这样很好。

I never would suggest someone not to vote. I learned this from Leonard Downie who is the executive editor, who succeeded Ben Bradlee in Atlantic, made it clear that he didn't vote. And the first time I heard it, I think this is a good idea.

回到问题罢。

民调和“主流媒体”的脱节，就是明显证明，今天的“主流媒体”，丧失了中立，继而丧失了信任。

最后哀悼一把《华盛顿邮报》，可怜老一辈的往日光荣啊。