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如何评价前 FBI局长 James Comey 在6 月8 日 在参议院情报委员会的听证会? 第1页

  

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6月8日的美国国会听证会大概是近年来全球最关注的一个听证会了。至少,大家想看的是俄国怎么干扰美国大选,是否有证据表明川普团队通俄,川普本人是否干扰过FBI的调查以及川普是否涉及妨碍司法等。

下面待我按发言顺序一一点评之。

Richard Burr,参院情报委员会主席,北卡共和党参议员

Burr在开场白中为听证会的宽度和深度定好了调:凡涉密的问题大家就别纠缠了,待会在闭门听证中大家接着来就是。听证会分两茬略出人意料,因为之前科米只答应愿意出席公开听证。但分两茬同时给予了科米不回答问题的选择,他在听证会过程中的确多次用不宜公开谈论为由回避问题。

I'd like to remind my colleagues that we will reconvene in closed session at 1:00 P.M. today, and I ask that you reserve for that venue any questions that might get into classified information.

正如猜想的那样,该委员会就科米今天可谈的话题双方先进行了若干协商,毕竟FBI有很多东西是见不得人的。

the vice chairman and I worked out a very specific timeline for his commitment to be on the hill, so we will do everything we can to meet that agreement.

Burr在开场白还预定了几个昨天科米公布的谈话题纲中没有涉及到的问题,其中最意外的是关于希拉里邮件门的问题,比如为什么你决定公开推荐司法部不对此进行刑事追究?什么叫在一个糟糕的和一个更糟糕的决定之间作选择?

There's been a significant public speculation about your decision-making related to the Clinton email investigation. Why did you decide publicly, to publicly announce, FBI's recommendations that the Department of Justice not pursue criminal charges? You have described it as a choice between a bad decision and a worse decision. The American people need to understand the facts behind your action.

把邮件门扯进来绝不是民主党所愿意的,也不可能是科米希望的,但共和党也绝不会无条件地愿意配合二者的想法。所以希拉里邮件门话题可看作是三方妥协的结果。

Mark R. Warner,参院情报委员会副主席,佛吉尼亚民主党参议员

Warner在开场白中重申了民主党的基调:这事不是谁输谁赢,也不是事关民主党和共和党。这是外国敌对势力在家门口对我们的攻击。不是用炮,也不是用导弹,他们试图劫持我们最重要的民主过程,我们的总统选举。

It's not about who won or lost. And it sure as heck is not about Democrats versus Republicans. We are here because a foreign adversary attacked us right here at home, plain and simple. Not by guns or missiles, but by foreign operatives seeking to hijack our most important democratic process, our presidential election.

一身正气,大义凛然。如果今天仍有人不明白“在美国,「通俄」就是叛国吗?” 这个话题的现实性,请再去听一遍Warner的全部开场白,品味他的语气和内容。Warner在听证会后对记者说,今天听证会向美国人民传达的最重要的信息就是俄国人对我们民主的侵袭有多么严重。

Warner还特别表扬了科米,尽管民主党其他大佬包括今天在座的Feinstein和他持完全相反的看法。前几天希拉里还公开说科米要对她竞选失败负主要责任。

In fact I've occasionally questioned some of the actions you've taken, but I've never had any reason to question your integrity, your expertise, or your intelligence. You've been a straight shooter with this committee and have been willing to speak truth to power, even at the risk of your own career, which makes the way in which you were fired by the president ultimately shocking.

虽然科米头天公布的谈话题纲世人皆知,但不知为什么Warner在开场白中仍然列出川普干扰通俄调查的逻辑链,而且说川普竟然把这一切告诉了俄国人:

"The president of the United States asking the FBI Director to drop an ongoing investigation... Of course, after his refusals, Director Comey was fired. ..Shockingly, reports suggest that the president admitted as much in an Oval Office meeting with the Russians the day after director Comey was fired.“

科米开场白

科米在这段开场白中有几个要点值得注意。

1. 科米说总统炒掉自己不需要任何理由。

I understood that I could be fired by a president for any reason or for no reason at all.

the law required no reason at all to fire an FBI director.

2. 然而科米被总统炒掉后马上就开始为自己寻找理由。

But then the explanations, the shifting explanations, confused me and increasingly concerned me...

经过若干逻辑分析后,科米的结论是这样的:

That didn't make sense to me for a whole bunch of reasons, including the time and all the water that had gone under the bridge since those hard decisions that had to be made. That didn't make any sense to me..

科米口头上认同总统不需要任何理由就可以炒他,但他真被炒后却不认同了。他不仅去分析各种可能炒他的原因,他还到处寻求make sense的答案。科米的逻辑是,既然总统多次表扬过自己干得不错(he had repeatedly told me I was doing a great job,and he hoped I would stay),就没有理由炒他。如果炒他,必有其他不可告人的理由。在整个听证会上,科米仍在不停寻找这些理由。

但真正有趣之处在于科米的用词选择。

科米精心选用了“困惑(confused)”和“关切(concerned)”来表达他的主观感受。

在接下来回答Burr关于前司法部长林奇对邮件门的指示时,即用“事件(matter)代替“调查(investigation)”时,科米也用了完全一样的描述:

the attorney general had directed me not to call it an investigation, but instead to call it a matter, which confused me and concerned me.

如果比较科米在两件不同事情上的处境,不难看到科米用词反映的是他对外界介入自己的工作有一种天然的警觉和抵触。据科米自陈,这种警觉和抵触促使他写下memo以备后用。然而,他并没有写下有关林奇指示的memo。

3. 科米承认FBI离开了自己地球照样转。

because I did nothing alone at the FBI. There no indispensable people at the FBI... The FBI will be fine without me... this organization and its mission will go on long beyond me...

民主党人一直试图暗示说,在通俄调查的关键时候拿掉科米,将严重影响调查工作云云。这也是obstruction of justice之说的一个论点。若干媒体甚至还编造了科米要求增加资源(人手+经费等)的故事。但由于在其他听证会上民主党议员也籍此向FBI和司法部官员提过这类问题,因此申请资源说可以看作是民主党人导演的一出闹剧,其目的无非是作为干扰通俄调查的一个旁证罢了。

可叹的是,到今天竟然还有人把科米要求增加资源的故事当真。FBI代局长McCabe和司法部副部长Rosenstein之前在听证会已明白无误地否定了这个谣言,你不信他们的你信谁的?

此外,科米以攻击川普对FBI的批评(抹黑),其实就是科米下属对科米处理邮件门的不满,作了非常煽情,略带悲壮,仿佛一个英雄就义式的的结束语:

I have a message before I close for my former colleagues of the FBI but first I want the American people to know this truth.The FBI is honest. The FBI is strong. And the FBI is and always will be independent. And now to my former colleagues, if I may. I am so sorry that I didn't get the chance to say goodbye to you properly. It was the nor of my life to serve beside you, to be part of the FBI family, and I will miss it for the rest of my life. Thank you for standing watch. Thank you for doing so much good for this country. Do that good as long as ever you can.

他真以为美国普通人民相信他们“FBI is honest”?

他真以为他手下的FBI的人都对他很忠心,没有人对他不满?

下面进入正式提问阶段。

Burr的问题基本上是他已经知道的,但外界尚不确定的答案。其中最重要的答案是,川普,川普政府的任何个人以及司法部均未要求过科米停止调查。如果没有要求科米停止调查,则整个obstruction of justice的谣传便无疾而终。然而主流媒体直到这个听证会开始之前仍在疯况兜售这方面的童谣。

尤其重要的是,科米上面的回答几乎完全否定了Warner在开场白中对川普的指责。

结合头天公布的科米发言提纲肯定了川普本人不在调查之列,也是头天NSA的头Rogers和DNI的头Coats在这个委员会上的证言均否认了川普政府的任何人曾有过对他们施过压的情况,以及再早的FBI和司法部的相同证言,故事到此基本就结束了。

但Burr接下来这个话题却相当有价值,这就是他在开场白已经点到的邮件门。Burr的问题直奔前司法部长林奇与希拉里老公机场密会事件。

Was your decision influenced by the attorney general's tarmac meeting with the former president, Bill Clinton?

科米显然早就准备好了回答,他把宣布结案的决定归因于为了FBI和司法部的形象:

Yes. In ultimately conclusive way that was the thing that capped it for me, that I had to do something separately to protect the credibility of the investigation, which meant both the FBI and the justice department.

Burr希望科米能谈谈其他(可以公开谈的)因素:

Were there other things that contributed to that, that you can describe in an open session?

科米下面的回答信息量就很丰富了:

There were other things that contributed to that. One significant item I can't but know the committee's been briefed on, there's been some public accounts of it which are nonsense but I understand the committee has been briefed on the classified facts. Probably the only other consideration that I guess I can talk about in open setting is that at one point the attorney general had directed me not to call it an investigation, but instead to call it a matter, which confused me and concerned me, but that was one of the bricks in the load that led me to conclude I have to step away from the department if we're to close this case credibly.

首先,科米揭露了林奇要求科米把一个刑事犯罪的调查(investigation)改称为一件普通事情(matter)。这个揭露是相当有份量的一颗炸弹,这也是公众第一次确知奥巴马的司法部直接干扰了邮件门调查的真相。难以想象去年7月林奇的听证会上出现这颗炸弹是什么后果。

其次,林奇科米二人都是干这一行的,无论林奇克林顿的机场密会在前或在后,科米显然已清楚知道了林奇用词转换的意思是什么。而且也知道林奇这种有指示(investigation -> matter),有行动(机场密会)的表现,将来追究obstruction of justice是跑不了的。

具体说,尽管科米现在说林奇指示不妥,但当时他采用了林奇的指示,使用matter来谈邮件门,于是林奇的指示对科米办案结案事实上起了作用。

如果你看过林奇的听证会,一定会记得她从头到尾说的是“我相信职业检查官们的工作”,“我尊重职业检查官们的推荐”,并坚持说她没有对邮件门调查作过任何指示。林奇的计算显然是,邮件门调查的结论是科米下的,将来出了事与我无关。但现在科米的证词将置林奇于lied under oath和perjury的危险之中可能性很大。

再者,科米推出林奇的方式("the only other consideration that I guess I can talk about in open setting", "In ultimately conclusive way that was the thing that capped it for me" )看起来更象一种协商的结果,而非是科米独自生事的一时失口。由于这是头一次从FBI的角度曝光林奇千方百计为希拉里开脱的一个具体动作,而且它又与维基泄密的司法部决定把邮件门摆平的希拉里团队通讯高度一致,把这曝光看成为邮件门重启调查开了一道缝应不为过。但在俄国干扰美国大选的听证会上提这个与主题相去甚远的话题还是显得相当突兀,所以仍然只能认为林奇是被三方共同推出来的交换品(比如你方提弗林,我方提林奇)。

在听到林奇的指示时,Burr没有任何吃惊的反应,显然Burr早已知道科米的答案。

Burr也没接着问科米是否“林奇这种指示算obstruction of justice吗”这么水到渠成的问题,或者没接着问科米,FBI单方面公开宣布结案涉嫌越权(如司法部副部长Rosenstein的信中对科米的指控)这个说法他怎么看的等更深入一点的问题可以有各种解释,但解释为妥协的宽度和深度仍然有限更为合理。

如果如此典型的follow up question没人follow up,如此明显的妨碍司法的具体行为没人感兴趣,这届参议院情报委员会的人就真不行了。似乎后来只有2名参议员在这个问题上往深里挖了挖。

但众院的政府监督委员会之后不追究吗?或者参院的司法委员会也视之不见吗?

科米的其他说法也意味深长。比如他说林奇的指示仅仅是其中一个因素(one of the bricks促使他单方面宣布结案还有一些其他方面的因素(other things),比如某个因素就相当重要但我不能在这里公开谈(One significant item I can't)的因素,其他涉密的事实(the classified facts)也已经向你们通报过了,等等。总之,科米这段话里暗示了大量的难言之隐。

问题在于,既然林奇都可以兜出来,邮件门还有什么难言之隐?除了涉及到奥巴马,似乎看不出来还有什么更机密的事需要参院情报委员会和科米共同保密。但不管是什么,邮件门的水之深由此可见。

Warner的提问听上去似乎是在为科米写memo的背景,动机和战略考虑等必然要被他人问到的问题提前解套,或者说更象是传统武术的套路比划。然而,从中仍然可以获得有价值的信息。

科米说他写memo的背景是与总统会面之后的感觉不妥。他周围的人甚至通过媒体称科米有写memo的习惯来合理化他的写作动机。然而科米自己在听证会上承认他的动笔是非常有针对性的,因为他并没有写过其他总统的memo:

As I said, as FBI director I interacted with President Obama, I spoke only twice in three years, and didn't document it. When I was Deputy Attorney General I had a one one-on-one with President Bush been I sent an email to my staff but I didn't feel with president bush the need to document it in that I way.

于是科米有写memo的习惯之说就此入棺。

科米说他写memo的动机是他觉得总统想以留任来交换某些东西,他预感将有重大事情发生,但他担心以后总统对此不认账,因此他需要记下这些私下交谈:

my common sense told me what's going on here is, he's looking to get something in exchange for granting my request to stay in the job. I was honestly concerned he might lie about the nature of our meeting so I thought it important to document. My impression was something big is about to happen. I need to remember every single word that is spoken。 I knew there might come a day when I would need a record of what had happened, not just to defend myself, but to defend the FBI and our integrity as an institution and the Independence of our investigative function.

科米说他写memo的战略考虑是既要把对话保存下来,又要避免它被归于机密类不易扩散(这是Warner表现得最明显的一个助攻问题):

I remember thinking, this is a very disturbing development, really important to our work. I need to document it and preserve it in a way, and this committee gets this but sometimes when things are classified, it tangled them up. If I write it such a way that doesn’t include anything of a classification, that would make it easier for to us discuss within the FBI and the government, and to hold onto it in a way that makes it accessible to us.

科米不仅费尽心机写memo,而且费尽心机通过其朋友(哥伦比亚法律教授)匿名从媒体扩散他与总统的私人对话。且不说其职场道德高下,是否这举动涉嫌泄密将从现在起经受拷问。

但memo是个什么玩意儿?说白了不就是作笔记吗?科米说记下与上司私人谈话的目的是为了以备后用,说白了不就是收集以后整倒上司的黑材料吗?

于是科米笔记的意义在于他试图为重写职场新规则正名。如果美国国会对之认可,以后首当其冲的就是那些吃政治饭的人,如国会议员自己。

实际上,美国社会这几年已经有这个苗头了:只要政治正确什么都可干。

川普的抓猫门就是布什家的人把私密闲聊的话捅出来的结果。但当人们对男人关起门说的荤段子很生气的时候,似乎没有人觉得这种把私密聊天录下音并单方面公布出来的卑鄙做法来有什么不妥。

另一件闹得很大的事涉及到黑白问题。三年前,NBA快船的老板Sterling在床上讲的话被自己的小三西裔黑女友私下录音曝光涉嫌种族主义评论黑人运动员,导致被驱逐出联盟,最后被迫卖掉自己的球队。当人们纷纷遣责Sterling的种族言论时,似乎没有人觉得这种把男女在床上的聊天录下音并单方面公布出来的卑鄙做法来有什么不妥。

回到科米。科米在此犯了一个受过训练的记者都不会犯的错误,那就是发稿前核对采访内容。未经被采访者核对过的采访内容是不具真实性的。但科米居然天真地认为他记下的东西就是反映了二人私下谈话的全部真实内容,甚至它可以作为办案的证据。

更何况,科米泄漏给NYT和现在交出的谈话内容是已经过精心剪裁的,用他自己的话讲是这样的:

I write it such a way that doesn’t include anything of a classification, that would make it easier for to us discuss within the FBI and the government,

如果科米与总统的谈话不涉及机密,那么他就不会去考虑涉密问题,他就会象录音一样复制全部谈话内容,之后他就会把全部谈话内容公布出来,而不是选择性的泄密。但事实是,无论怎么解释,科米在写笔记时就已经开始编辑了

但如果科米与总统的谈话涉及机密,那么即使他把机密部份略去了也不能改变原谈话的整个内容至少应归于保密类这个事实。如果他把机密部份略去了,那么他的笔记便缺乏事件的完整性,那么他向外界传达的谈话内容的可信程度将要大打折扣。最关键的是,无论科米写了什么,无论他所写的涉及到了什么,科米笔记始终是未经对证,但经过编辑的单方面之言

一个奇怪的现象是,听证会上没有任何人接下去问科米:如果你的FBI下属把你们之间的一对一谈话记下来秘密保存你觉得可以吗?如果你的FBI下属把他记下来的东西没经你过目就交给媒体发表你同意吗?如果你没有过目,你认可它发表的真实性吗?如果他记笔录的目的是用于将来某天你出现的法律纠纷,你对此行为有如何评论?

从Risch往后,每个参议员提问的时间大约只有Burr和Warner时间的一半。拿Burr的话说,这是与科米商定好的程序。由于Burr和Warner把基本的问题都过了一遍,之后的人只能问到有限的问题。

Risch上来先表扬了科米的写作水平,说你写得如此清楚,跟真的似的。

他然后向科米求证三件事:1)总统本人不在调查之列,2)总统竞选团队与俄国的勾结,3)总统涉嫌妨碍司法。

科米肯定了第1个问题(因为他的谈话提纲早已肯定了)。

科米没有完全回答也没有完全否定第2个问题,只是说NYT 2月14日的有关川普团队通俄的报道大部份都是错误的。科米用了一句经典的话给主流媒体泼了一桶冰水:

the people talking about it often don't really know what's going on, and going on are not talking about it. 知道的不会说,不知道的瞎BB。

对于第3个问题,科米承认总统没有“指示”(direct),也没有“下令”(order)放弗林一马( letting Flynn go)。如在Burr回合一样,科米对这个问题的回答几乎完全否定了Warner在开场白中对川普的指责。

Risch: He did not direct you to let it go?
Comey: Not in his words, no.
Risch: He did not order you to let it go?
Comey: Again, those words are not an order.

然后Risch直接了当地问科米所办过的案中有没有凭hope这个词定妨碍司法罪的例子:

Do you know of any case where a person has been charged for obstruction of justice or, for that matter, any other criminal offense, where they said or thought they hoped for an outcome?

下面的对话展示了科米想玩文字游戏但明显没成功的过程,因为科米无法把hope令人信服地转化成direction,而hope本身难以入罪:

Risch: He said, I hope...where they said or thought they hoped for an outcome?
Comey: I don't know well enough to answer. The reason I keep saying his words is I took it as a direction.
Risch: Right.
Comey: I mean, this is a president of the United States with me alone saying I hope this. I took it as, this is what he wants me to do. I didn't obey that, but that's the way I took it.
Risch: You may have taken it as a direction but that's not what he said.
Comey: Correct. Risch: He said, I hope.
Comey: Those are his exact words, correct.
Risch: You don't know of anyone ever being charged for hoping something, is that a fair statement?
Comey: I don't as I sit here.

科米的问题是,他在整个听证会上的回答并不能始终如一(后面还有很多例子证明如此)。上面的对话也证明,即使在同一回合也如此。比如有关这个“指示”(directction),科米一方面说总统没有“指示”他,但一方面又说他把总统的话理解成(took it as)是在指示他。

民主党大佬Feinstein的问题主要围绕科米被炒的原因(“Why do you believe you were fired”? ),象是特意为科米安排喊冤叫屈的机会。

科米在这个回合中提供了他认为的几个被炒的原因:因为通俄调查,因为自己办事的方式以及总统试图释压。

I was fired because of the Russia investigation. Something about the way I was conducting it, the president felt created pressure on him that he wanted to relieve.

其中通俄调查是科米贯穿始终的核心。

然而我注意到,科米在试图解释他被炒的原因的同时又为自己的解释留下了大量的暧昧话语,这些话语在听的过程中相当刺耳。我从来没看到过在听证会上对自己的证言都不确定却仍然煞有介事地继续话题方向的听证人。其例如下---

对上面提到那几个被炒的原因(包括通俄调查),科米用了如下的暧昧话语:

I guess I don't know for sure. I believe...

Again, I didn't know that at the time...

Look, I could be wrong.

关于川普要求的"loyalty",科米用了如下的暧昧话语:

I don't know for sure because I don't know the president well enough to read him well...

Again, I don't know him well enough to know how he reacted to that exactly.

关于“letting Flynn go”,科米用了如下的暧昧话语:

As I said in my statement, I could be wrong... I understood what he wanted me to do was drop any investigation connected to Flynn's account of his conversations with the Russians.

科米对这些问题的暧昧回答不仅完全否定了Warner在开场白中对川普的指责,而且也使科米自己在发言提纲中对川普的指责随之产生了重大疑问。

设想如果科米在大陪审团面前讲上面那些话,陪审团里有几人会采信他的说法?

Rubio与科米主要讨论了三件事情:1)loyalty,2)let the Mike Flynn thing go,3)告诉公众川普不在调查之列。

由于在Feinstein的回合中科米已暧昧地回答了前2个问题,在科米的发言提纲和Burr的回合中科米已清楚地回答了第3问,Rubio到底想寻求什么答案呢?

Rubio想知道科米在Warner回合中提到的川普有与科米作交换的意思是否指的是川普以不追究McCabe因老婆接受民主党捐款有利益冲突的可能性,来与科米不追究弗林作交换,Rubio是否在这里敲打McCabe不是很清楚,但这个问题使科米似乎有点为难,于是科米只好含糊回答之:

I wasn't sure what to make of it. That's possible. It was so out of context I didn't have a clear view of what it was.

就与第2个问题有关的乌云问题(lift the cloud)Runio问,总统是不是想急于把它拨开以开展正常工作时,科米回答道:其实川普走得更远。他说,如果他身边的人干了蠢事,最好把他们找出来。

Yes, sir. He went farther than that. He said, and if some of my satellites did something wrong, it'd be good to find that out.

Rubio再助攻一把:

the president was basically saying, and I'm paraphrasing here, it's okay. Do the Russia investigation. I hope it all comes out. I have nothing to do with anything Russia. It'd be great if it all came out, people around me were doing things that were wrong?

科米再次确认:

Yes. As I recorded it accurately there. That was the sentiment he was expressing. Yes, sir.

由于弗林是川普的satellite之一,所以科米这个陈述不仅使之前之后所有民主党人在弗林问题上的纠缠变得毫无意义,也使科米在这个具体问题上(包括本回合中)嗳昧的暗示失去了它的味道。

川普主动提到欢迎清理他周围通俄的人,难道科米没觉查到自己怎么陈述的吗?难道科米证实川普这么说了之后他还能继续做“I hope”的文章吗?

就第3个问题,Rubio问道:有关调查的方方面面都外泄了,唯独就总统不是调查对象这事没有泄露,难道你不觉得奇怪?

对此科米的“理解”是,这事只向国会8人帮通报过,他们的口风很紧:

I don't know. I find matters that are briefed to the gang of eight are pretty tightly held, in my experience.

这个听证会的正副主席Burr和Warner是八人帮成员之二员。

然而,换个角度解读就是只有国会八人帮掌握了全部信息,其他泄密者只知道部份信息。或者,国会八人帮中虽也可能有泄密渠道,但泄密者不想让公众知道总统不是调查这个最核心的事实。

在这个回合中科米回避了提供其他可能的泄密渠道的分析,比如是否FBI内部是泄密的源头(之一)。但Rubio也没有深究渠道问题。


user avatar    网友的相关建议: 
      

让我们一起来看看数学分析话题的优秀回答者 @dhchen “简单陈述” 了哪些“事实”呢?

1.

开篇引用了一家被comey在听证会现场直接指名为关于此事件的爆料文章"大部分不为事实"的媒体,以正视听。

10 things we learned from the Comey hearing nytimes.com/

2.

个人感觉科米是比较公正的,他的证词既有有利于川普的部分,也有不利于他的部分

既有,又有,觉得“比较公正”,这很理性中立客观。

一个员工依据自己对上司的“人品”判断,觉的上司会撒谎,就把与两人会议纪要背后写成备忘录私下存档。后来被老板说他能力不济而被解雇并且以骚包、爱现鬼来形容他。员工就把敏感文件绕过DoJ、国会直接给一密友,再传给媒体,要派检察官来查上司。这么标准的预设立场的职场撕逼,竟然称一方对另一方比较公正?

3.

并且用职位要挟他(这里是暗示)

--这很事实。

实际上,comey从始自终的证词是没有感受到有压力来停止这项调查,也没有白宫和DoJ的人来要求他停止。你可以说川粉的事实是alternative fact,为什么你的fact与比较公正comey的fact比较也这么另类?

4.

如果“忠诚”真的那么干净无垢,为什么他的律师坚决否认呢?

这个发问简直振聋发聩,令人深思:一个事情干净无垢,即使从没做过也要揽到自己身上,也许这就是千疮百孔世界里最后一股清流的fact-checker最后的尊严了吧。

5.

为什么他的律师坚决否认呢?简单的说就是川普可能涉嫌司法干预

两人私下的谈话,各执一词,笃信一方言论可能更接近事实吧。

6.

之前谣传的什么川普手上握有录音带肯定是假的,否则现在播出来就行了,科米立刻完蛋。

肯定...,否则... 。逻辑严密,证据确凿,“事实”的获得方式轻而易举。你肯定多吃凉粉了,否则为什么不挖出来看看???


总结起来就是这位优秀回答者是分不清事实与观点的差别。

拉黑@dhchen (并没有),各位评论区开放,憋死他。


user avatar   zhihubianjinixing 网友的相关建议: 
      

闹剧终于告一段落,再次心疼川黑们的性生活质量。

【现场画面】问:你是否有信心,美国大选没有选票被改变?答:据我所知,没有选票被改变。问:总统是否曾要求你停止对俄方干涉美国大选的调查?答:没有。问:政府是否有人曾要求你停止对俄方干涉美国大选的调查?答:没有

视频链接Sina Visitor System

话说川黑们别拙计,我们再接着看希拉里和侯赛因的下场如何。




  

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