问题

如何评价中央情报局(CIA)的武装力量?

回答
评价中央情报局(CIA)的“武装力量”是一个相当复杂的问题,因为“武装力量”这个词本身在描述CIA的运作时可能不太准确,或者说需要更细致的界定。CIA并非一个传统的军事组织,它没有海军陆战队、坦克部队或海军舰艇。然而,在特定情况下,尤其是在执行秘密行动(covert operations)和非常规战争(unconventional warfare)时,CIA确实会动用武力,并拥有一定的“武装能力”。

为了更详细地理解这一点,我们可以从几个层面来剖析:

1. CIA的角色与职能的特殊性:

首先,理解CIA的核心职能至关重要。CIA的主要职责是收集、分析和分发国家安全情报,并且在总统授权下,执行秘密行动。这些秘密行动的性质决定了CIA需要具备一定的“武力”运用能力,尽管这与正规军队的作战方式有着根本的区别。CIA的行动目标通常是:

影响外国政治和经济局势: 这可能涉及支持或削弱某个政权、影响选举、改变公众舆论等。
反恐与反情报: 侦测和瓦解敌对情报机构的活动,以及打击恐怖组织。
支援盟友与代理人: 向友好国家或非国家武装团体提供训练、装备、情报和资金。
非正规战争的早期阶段或秘密支持: 在某些冲突中,CIA可能会扮演训练、组织和指挥当地抵抗力量的角色,这些力量在初期可能没有明确的军事建制。

2. CIA的“武装力量”构成:

与美国国防部下的各个军种不同,CIA的“武装力量”不是直接招募和训练士兵的。它更像是一个“能力集合”,可以通过以下几种方式实现“武力”的运用:

特工(Agents)和线人(Informants): 这是CIA最核心的“人力资源”。虽然他们不直接参战,但他们是情报收集和秘密行动的基础。在某些极端情况下,受过高度训练的特工可能需要进行自卫或采取必要行动来完成任务,这可能涉及使用武器。
非常规战争专家(Unconventional Warfare Specialists)和秘密行动人员: CIA内部有专门负责策划和执行秘密行动的部门和人员。这些人通常接受过军事化的训练,包括小队战术、武器使用、近距离格斗、生存技能等。他们可能直接参与到行动中,进行侦察、渗透、甚至是在必要时使用武力。
雇佣兵(Contractors)和代理人(Proxies): 这是CIA“武装力量”最常以实际形式展现的部分。
私人军事承包商(Private Military Contractors PMCs): CIA经常与PMC公司合作,这些公司雇佣的雇员可能拥有前军事或执法背景。他们在秘密行动中可能担任安保、训练、后勤支持,甚至是在某些情况下直接参与战斗行动。例如,在阿富汗,CIA曾利用PMC人员在当地组建和训练打击塔利班的特种部队或民兵。
代理人部队(Proxy Forces): 在某些国家或地区,CIA会训练、装备和资助当地的武装团体或反叛力量,让他们代表美国的利益行动。这些团体可以被视为CIA的“代理人武装力量”。CIA通过提供情报、训练、武器和资金,间接指导和支持他们的军事行动。这种做法的优点是可以降低美国直接军事介入的风险和成本,但也带来了代理人失控或行动偏离预期的风险。
特种行动部队的配合(Coordination with SOF): 在一些规模较大、更为敏感的秘密行动中,CIA可能会与美国特种作战司令部(SOCOM)下属的特种部队(如特种空勤团 SEALs, 绿色贝雷帽 Green Berets 等)进行协调和合作。虽然特种部队属于军方,但在某些秘密行动框架下,他们可以被“借调”或与CIA的行动相结合,执行需要高度军事技能的任务。

3. CIA武装能力的主要特点:

隐蔽性与非对称性: CIA的“武装力量”最显著的特点是其隐蔽性。行动的目标是尽量避免被公开识别为美国的军事行动,从而规避政治风险和国际法上的麻烦。其“武力”运用往往是小规模、高精度、目标导向的,而非大规模的正面作战。
灵活性与适应性: 由于不被传统军事条令和官僚体系束缚,CIA的武装能力可以非常灵活地适应各种环境和任务需求。他们可以快速部署,在不被察觉的情况下行动,并在需要时迅速撤离。
情报驱动: 任何CIA的武装行动都高度依赖于情报的收集和分析。他们的军事行动是为服务于情报目标而设计的,而不是为了占领或控制领土。
政治敏感性: CIA的“武装力量”运用受到严格的总统授权和国会监督(尽管这种监督有时被批评为不够充分)。任何秘密行动的授权都经过深思熟虑的政治考量。

4. 评价:

对CIA的“武装力量”进行评价,需要放在其独特的职能和目标下进行审视:

效率与有效性: 在某些特定的秘密行动中,CIA的“武装能力”展现出了极高的效率和有效性。例如,在帮助训练和组织反苏阿富汗游击队时,CIA的策略和支持起到了关键作用。在反恐战争中,CIA的情报和直接行动人员也扮演了重要角色。通过代理人,他们可以在不直接暴露国家身份的情况下,对目标国家或地区产生影响。
风险与争议:
代理人失控的风险: 依赖代理人部队的模式存在固有的风险。这些代理人可能拥有自己的议程,或者其行动会偏离美国的目标,甚至可能对当地平民造成伤害,损害美国的声誉。
透明度与问责制: 由于行动的秘密性,CIA的“武装力量”运作的透明度较低,这使得公众和国会对其行动的监督和问责面临挑战。一些秘密行动的后果可能在事后才显露,引发道德和法律上的争议。
道德困境: 在某些情况下,CIA的行动可能涉及支持威权政府、参与颠覆活动,甚至可能导致无辜生命的损失。这些行动的道德正当性常常受到质疑。
“战争迷雾”的延伸: CIA的行动模糊了战争与和平、国家行动与非国家行动之间的界限,增加了国际政治的复杂性和不确定性。

总结来说,CIA并非拥有一支独立的、可供调遣的“武装力量”实体,但它拥有运用武力的能力,并且在某些情况下会以非常规的方式实现这一点。 这种能力主要通过训练和支持代理人、利用私人军事承包商,以及派遣受过高度训练的特工来执行任务而体现。其优势在于隐蔽、灵活和高度情报驱动,能够以较低的政治成本达成目标。然而,这种能力也伴随着巨大的风险,包括代理人失控、道德争议以及问责上的挑战。评价CIA的“武装力量”,与其说是评价一支军队,不如说是评价一种在特定外交政策目标下,服务于国家利益的“工具箱”的运作效能和伦理后果。它的存在是美国国家安全架构中一个独特但又充满争议的组成部分。

网友意见

user avatar

今天有时间了来把这个坑填上。

从头开始讲一下。说到cia的武装力量,我们先来看看cia的组织机构是什么样的:

cia分成exucutive office(就是总头头)、directorate of intelligence(就是情报分析人员,俗称的内勤)、directorate of operations(俗称的外勤,又叫national clandestine service,国家秘密行动处 这篇文章的重点)、directorate of technology(这个不用翻译了吧,u2之类的玩意儿就是他们控制的)和一些支援单位(保安,对外联络和码农民工之类的玩意儿)。

有人提到近些年cia进行了结构改革,把do和di合并了,重新根据任务分解成一个个“任务中心”。(感谢

@JK JK

)搜到一个图大家可以看一下(无伤大雅,分工没有变化):



既然题目问的是武装力量,那我们的重点就放到directorate of operations(clandestine service)这些外勤身上。

cia的外勤行动,一般分成三种形式:

第一种形式是从国防部下属的socom(特种作战司令部)借调部队来组成行动组。其中跟cia合作最密切的当然是jsoc(联合作战司令部,下面再有缩写就不备注了,反正来看这种东西的也都是军迷)下属的T1级别的特种部队,比如devgru啊cag啊24sts啊什么的。最有名的例子当然就要属刺杀本拉登的行动了,看过电影的都知道,某美女cia agent跟同事一起花了N多年的时间找到了本拉登,然后借devgru的手把本拉登给搞掉了(当然cia的外勤也去巴基斯坦了,但是没有直接参与暗杀,至于去干吗了等会儿会讲)。

还有一些训练任务也是这种形式,比如cia跟a国政府或者b国反政府合作,帮他们训练武装力量。这时候就派几个油漆兵或者绿帽子去训练一下挣点儿外快什么的(一般训练任务是真适合路特)。

上几张影视作品中跟cia合作的海豹6的图:

刺杀本拉登中拿hk416的海豹6

还有远处拿mk48的海豹6

第二种就是召回已经退役的特囧。clandestine service找到一些原socom人员,让他们继续签合同为国效力。这群人就是我们熟悉的grs(这个可能有人不太清楚,global response service)了。不知道大家有没有看过一个电影叫《危情13小时》,主角就是这些cia的grs了,当时班加西暴乱,美国领事馆和cia的驻地安全屋都被袭击,多亏这些grs保护最后才没全军覆没。这些人主要负责的就是cia驻地的安全和驻地内勤人员的安保工作,性质其实相当于黑水这种pmc,但是是受雇于cia的。当年有人跟我推荐这个电影的时候,就说是讲的pmc的事儿,看完以后我就跟那人说了,你看着这些人像pmc,但人家是正经受雇于cia的grs,跟黑水那种屌丝可不一样。

再上几个电影里的grs:

刺杀本拉登里保护美女内勤的拿g36c的grs


危情13小时里帅气的grs

最后一种就是正经的cia自己的武装力量了。刚才说的clandestine service下辖一个sad(special activities division),可以理解成特别行动处下的特别行动科...注意了,sad原来可是隶属于jsoc的t1单位,什么概念呢?可以理解成他们战斗力跟美国最精锐的t1特囧部队(devgru, cag, isa, 24sts)是一样的。sad又分成sog(special operations group)和pag(political action group)。pag是搞政治宣传的我们不去管他,sog才是我们要说的那些干湿货脏活的人。

sad下属的特工叫pmo(paramilitiry officer),翻译过来就是准军事特工。pmo应该是这三种形式中最精锐的一部分,因为借调到cia的特囧不一定非得是t1的特囧,grs也不管你是不是t1特囧来了就收,但是pmo不一样了,必须得是有本科学历的t1特囧兵才有资格进sog(油漆兵的rrc和绿帽子的cif应该也有可能让进)。

下面来说说这些人平时都干嘛。保安和护卫任务肯定不是他们的活儿,都让grs抢了。踹门和训练肯定也不归他们管,这个都让socom干了。就剩下收集情报了呗。注意他们收集的情报叫humint,俗称人力收集的情报,跟那些屌丝nsa的it民工键盘侠可不一样,都得冒着生命危险用肉体去收集的,收集的时候不杀几个人都不好意思回去交差。当然突袭埋伏搞个暗杀,敌后骚扰搞个破坏,救个重要人质什么的这类任务也不会少干(但是主要还是交给socom了),大家脑补一下谍影重重就可以了,里面不论是主角小马还是过来杀小马的反派,都是正儿八经如假包换的pmo。

说说几次pmo比较有名的行动:

douglas mackiernan,死在西藏,49年中国解放的时候从乌鲁木齐转移,过边境的时候被当成共产党打死了...这个死的真是冤枉。

hugh redmond,51年伪装成卖冰激凌机的在上海收集情报,被tg抓了,关了19年死在监狱里。据tg说是割腕自杀。

tucker gougelmann,75年美国从越南撤的时候,没赶上最后的飞机,在西贡被越共抓了。被折磨了11个月终于死了...

lawrence freedman,92年黑鹰坠落前夕,在索马里收集当地情报的时候开车压上地雷,死了。

john spann,02年在阿富汗审讯恐怖分子的时候遇到监狱暴动,死了。

nathan chapman,02年在阿富汗调查一个基地组织安全屋的时候被打死。

上面的三个人都是这两场战争中死的第一个美国人(john是开战前死的,nathan是第一次交火死的),这下你们知道cia门口那些星星是怎么来的了吧。还真应了那句话,让人知道的pmo都是死的pmo。

douglas zembiec,有名的费卢杰狮子,07年在巴格达带伊拉克人打反对派的时候死在枪战中。



下面这个行动没人死,所以pmo的名字也没人知道,就是我刚才提到一会儿要说的刺杀本拉登。首先是sog下属的jawbreaker小队,联合三角洲的a队,在阿富汗的山区搜索本拉登。pmo负责的是跟当地的卧底接头(目测是花钱买来的卧底)。然后找到本拉登以后,pmo就住到本拉登隔壁了,一直在本拉登房子周围收集情报,等海豹6的人来。

电影中pmo的图:


刺杀本拉登中拿m4a1的pmo

另一个拿握把m4a1的pmo

当然不要忘了我们的终极pmo小马同志,pmo中的战斗pmo

拿usp和gl06的pmo

最后上一些死了的cia agent的资料,大部分是pmo。从文字描述可以看出他们的任务性质。

  • Douglas Mackiernan - The first CIA employee to be killed in the line of duty and the first star on the wall. Mackiernan had worked for the State Department in China since 1947. When the People's Republic of China was established at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the State Department ordered that the Tihwa (Ürümqi) consulate where Mackiernan was stationed as vice consul be closed, and personnel were to leave the country immediately. Mackiernan, however, was ordered to stay behind, destroy cryptographic equipment, monitor the situation, and aid anti-communistNationalists. Mackiernan fled south toward India after most escape routes were cut off, along with Frank Bessac, an American Fulbright Scholar who was in Tihwa, and three White Russians. Although Mackiernan and his party survived the Taklamakan Desert and Himalayas, Mackiernan was shot by Tibetan border guards, probably because they mistook them as Communist infiltrators. Although Mackiernan's death was reported on the front cover of the New York Times at the time of his death and his name appears on a plaque in the State Department lobby, the CIA did not reveal his service, because he was operating under diplomatic cover. His star was acknowledged to family members in a secret memorial ceremony at the Wall in 2000 but remained officially undisclosed until 2006, when his name was placed into the CIA's Book of Honor.
  • Jerome P. Ginley - Killed in 1951, during a clandestine mission in East Germany along with Joseph Schussler, a US Army Intelligence Officer.
  • Norman A. Schwartz and Robert C. Snoddy - Both were pilots of a C-47 aircraft on a mission to extract a CIA operative from China. Their plane took off on November 29, 1952, from South Korea for Jilin province, China. They were preparing to pick up the agent with an airborne extraction system when the operative was compromised by Chinese forces on the ground and their plane was shot down. Both Schwarts and Snoddy were killed, while two other CIA crewmembers, Richard G. Fecteau and John T. Downey, were captured by the Chinese and held until 1971 and 1973, respectively. Schwartz's and Snoddy's remains were returned in 2005.
  • James "Pete" McCarthy Jr. - A paramilitary operations officer who died in 1954, on a training flight in Southeast Asia.
  • Four CIA Lockheed U-2pilots who died in plane crashes - Wilburn S. Rose (d. May 15, 1956), Frank G. Grace (d. August 31, 1956), Howard Carey (d. September 17, 1956), and Eugene "Buster" Edens (d. April 1965). Rose, Grace, Carey, and Edens were honored with stars in 1974.
  • William P. Boteler - Boteler was killed in a bombing attack on a restaurant frequented by CIA operatives that was committed by the group EOKA in Cyprus on June 16, 1956.
  • James J. McGrath - A native of Middletown, Connecticut, McGrath died following an accident while working on a high-power German transmitter in January 1957. His star was placed on the wall in 2007.
  • Chiyoki Ikeda - Ikeda died when Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710 crashed in Indiana on March 17, 1960, while he was on temporary duty assignment in the United States.
  • Stephen Kasarda, Jr. - A native of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, Kasarda died on May 1, 1960, while stationed in Southeast Asia. He was working with air supply missions being flown into Tibet.
  • Nels L. Benson - Killed on April 13, 1961, in a training accident while instructing members of Brigade 2506 on the use of C-4 explosives in Retalhuleu, Guatemala.
  • Four CIA pilots were killed on April 19, 1961, while supporting the failed Bay of Pigs invasion on Cuba - Leo F. Baker, Wade C. Gray, Thomas W. Ray and Riley W. Shamburger. One more American was killed during the invasion, paratrooper Herman Koch Gene, but he was not part of the CIA.
  • John J. Merriman - A CIA pilot, he was shot down on July 26, 1964, while attacking a convoy of Simba rebels near Kabalo, Congo with his T-28 counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft.
  • Barbara Robbins - Killed in a Vietcong car bomb attack on the U.S. embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam on March 30, 1965.
    She was honored with one of the original 31 stars in 1974, but her name was not included in the Book of Honor until May 2011.
  • John W. Waltz - Died on June 6, 1965, in Baghdad, Iraq, while working as an Aide at the U.S. embassy.
    He became ill and died from medical complications following emergency surgery.
  • Edward Johnson and Louis O'Jibway - Both were members of the CIA front company called Air America who were working as intelligence officers. They were killed when their helicopter crashed into the Mekong River in Southeast Asia on August 20, 1965.
  • Michael M. Deuel and Michael A. Maloney - Both were members of the CIA front company called Air America who were working as intelligence officers. They were killed, along with one more Air America pilot and a mechanic, when their helicopter crashed near Saravane, Laos on October 12, 1965.
  • Marcell Rene Gough - A maritime specialist who died in a vehicle accident in November 1965, in today's Democratic Republic of the Congo, while on assignment to maintain equipment for operations designed to defeat communist-backed rebels.
  • 9 officers were killed in action during the Vietnam War in South Vietnam or Laos from 1965 to 1975
    - Unknown (d. 1965), Billy J. Johnson (d. 1968), Wayne J. McNulty (d. 1968), Richard M. Sisk (d. 1968), David L. Konzelman (d. 1971), Raymond L. Seaborg (d. 1972), John Peterson (d. 1972), John W. Kearns (d. 1972), William E. Bennett (d. 1975).
  • Ksawery "Bill" Wyrozemski - An air operations officer who died in a vehicle accident in 1967, in today's Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Two CIA A-12 pilots who died in plane crashes - Walter L. Ray (d. January 5, 1967) and Jack W. Weeks (d. June 4, 1968).
  • Charles Mayer - An engineer in the Directorate of Science and Technology, who died in an airplane crash in Iran in 1968. He's duties at the CIA were to monitor the Soviet Union's missile capabilities.
  • Hugh Francis Redmond - Redmond was a member of the Special Activities Division who was posing as an ice cream machine salesman when he was captured in 1951, in Shanghai, China while boarding a ship for San Francisco. He was in captivity for 19 years until he died on April 13, 1970. The Chinese claimed he slit his wrists.
  • Paul C. Davis - Died in Russia in 1971.
  • Wilbur M. Greene - Greene was serving in the Vietnam War when he died during a gall bladder operation in April 1972.
  • Raymond C. Rayner - Rayner was killed by an unknown intruder who broke into his home on the night of November 23, 1974, on Bushrod Island, near Monrovia, Liberia.
  • James A. Rawlings - Killed in a cargo plane crash in South Vietnam in January 1975. He was declared missing and, a year later, the CIA issued a “presumptive determination” of death.
  • Tucker Gougelmann - Gougelmann was a Paramilitary Operations Officer from the CIA's Special Activities Division who worked in the CIA from 1949 to 1972, serving in Europe, Afghanistan, Korea, and Vietnam. Gougelmann returned to Saigon in spring 1975 in an attempt to secure exit visas for loved ones after North Vietnam had launched a major offensive. He missed his final flight out of Saigon, and was captured by the North Vietnamese, who tortured him for 11 months before he died. Gougelmann was honored with a Memorial Star after the criteria for inclusion on the Wall was broadened and after "It was determined that although Gougelmann did not die in the line of duty while employed by CIA, his past affiliation with the Agency led to his death."
  • Richard Welch - Station chief in Greece was assassinated by the radical Marxist organization Revolutionary Organization 17 November in December 1975.
  • Denny Gabriel and Berl King - Former members of the CIA's Air America, they were killed, along with a member of the U.S. Special Forces, when their plane crashed during a training exercise for a top-secret mission on July 13, 1978, in North Carolina.
  • Robert Ames, Phyliss Faraci, Kenneth E. Haas, Deborah M. Hixon, Frank J. Johnston, James Lewis, Monique Lewis and William Richard Sheil - Died in the 1983 Beirut embassy bombing. Haas was the station chief.
  • Richard Spicer, Scott J. Van Lieshout and Curtis R. Wood - Killed in a plane crash while on a covert mission during the Salvadoran Civil War on October 18, 1984.
  • William Francis Buckley - Station chief in Lebanon killed in captivity on June 3, 1985.
  • Richard D. Krobock - Killed in a helicopter crash during the Salvadoran Civil War on March 26, 1987.
  • Matthew Gannon - Gannon was the CIA's deputy station chief in Beirut, Lebanon and was one of at least four American intelligence officers aboard the 1988 Pan Am Flight 103, sitting in Clipper Class seat 14J, when it was blown apart.
  • Robert W. Woods - Killed in a plane crash in August 1989, with Rep. Mickey Leland on a humanitarian mission in Ethiopia.
  • Michael Atkinson, George Bensch, George V. Lacy, Pharies "Bud" Petty, Gerhard H. Rieger and Jimmy Spessard - Killed when their Lockheed L-100 Hercules transport plane crashed on November 27, 1989, in Angola while supporting the rebel group UNITA. Also killed were 11 members of UNITA that were on board.
  • Barry S. Castiglione - Killed during the July 1992 ocean rescue of a colleague in El Salvador.
  • Lawrence N. Freedman - Killed by a landmine in Somalia on December 23, 1992.
  • 1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters - The two fatalities of the attack were Lansing H. Bennett M.D., 66, and Frank Darling, 28, both CIA employees. Bennett, with experience as a physician, was working as an intelligence analyst assessing the health of foreign leaders.
    Darling worked in covert operations.
  • Freddie Woodruff - Assassinated in Tbilsi, Georgia on August 8, 1993, while acting as the station chief involved in training the bodyguards of Georgian leader Eduard Shevardnadze and the élite Omega Special Task Force.
  • Jacqueline K. Van Landingham - Shot and killed in Pakistan on March 8, 1995.
  • James M. Lewek - Killed when a United States Air Force CT-43A crashed near Dubrovnik, Croatiaon April 3, 1996. Thirty-four other people on board were also killed.
  • John G.A. Celli III - Killed in a traffic accident in the Middle East in November 1996.
  • Leslianne Shedd - Killed when Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 was hijacked on November 23, 1996, by three Ethiopians seeking political asylum in Australia and crashed in the Indian Ocean.
  • Thomas M. Jennings Junior - Died in Bosnia-Herzegovina in December 1997.
  • Tom Shah and Molly C.H. Hardy - Died in the 1998 African embassy bombings.
  • Johnny Micheal "Mike" Spann - He was a Paramilitary Operations Officer from the Special Activities Division killed during a Taliban prison uprising in November 2001 in Mazar-e Sharif (see Battle of Qala-i-Jangi). His star, the 79th, was added in 2002.
    Officer Spann was posthumously awarded the Intelligence Star for valor for his actions.
  • Nathan Chapman - He was the first American soldier to be killed in combat in the war in Afghanistan. At the time of his death, he was detailed to the CIA as a CIA paramilitary team’s communications specialist. He was killed on January 4, 2002, while investigating an Al-Qaeda safe house in Khost.
  • Helge P. Boes - Killed by a grenade during a training accident in Afghanistan on February 7, 2003.
  • Christopher Glenn Mueller and William "Chief" Carlson - Two paramilitary contractors from Special Activities Division killed in an ambush in Afghanistan on October 25, 2003.
    On May 21, 2004, these officers' stars were dedicated at a memorial ceremony.
    "The bravery of these two men cannot be overstated," then-Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet told a gathering of several hundred Agency employees and family members of those killed in the line of duty. "Chris and Chief put the lives of others ahead of their own. That is heroism defined." Mueller, a former US Navy SEAL and Carlson, a former Army Ranger, Green Beret and Delta Force soldier, died while tracking high level terrorists near Shkin, Afghanistan, on October 25, 2003. Both officers saved the lives of others, including Afghan soldiers, during the ambush.
  • Gregg Wenzel - An operations officer who was killed in Ethiopia in 2003, also was honored with a star on the CIA's memorial wall. A former defense attorney in Florida, Wenzel grew up in Monroe, New York, and was a member of the first clandestine service training class to graduate after the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. His Agency affiliation was withheld for six years. Overseas, Wenzel gathered intelligence on a wide range of national security priorities. In Director Leon Panetta’s words: “At age 33, a promising young officer—a leader and friend to so many—was taken from us. We find some measure of solace in knowing that Gregg achieved what he set out to do: He lived for a purpose greater than himself. Like his star on this Wall, that lesson remains with us always.”
  • Gregory R. Wright, Jr. - Killed in Iraq on December 7, 2005, while working on a Protective Service Detail. His team was returning from an asset meeting when they were ambushed by unknown attackers.
  • Rachel A. Dean - Dean was a native of Stanardsville, Virginia who joined the CIA as a young support officer in January 2005. She died in a car accident in September 2006, while on temporary duty in Kazakhstan.
  • Maj. Douglas A. Zembiec - Known as the "Lion of Fallujah" for his deployment there with the US Marine Corps. Killed in a gun battle in Baghdad in May 2007 while leading Iraqis on a "snatch-and-grab" operation against insurgents, while serving with the CIA's Special Activities Division. Officially, his star remains anonymous to this day; the CIA has refused to comment on Zembiec's employment with the Agency. However, former U.S. intelligence officials stated in interviews with The Washington Post that Zembiec was indeed serving with the SAD Ground Branch at the time of his death.
  • Jeffrey R. Patneau - Died in a car accident on September 29, 2008, while posing as a State Department employee in Yemen.
  • Harold Brown, Elizabeth Hanson, Darren LaBonte, Jennifer Matthews, Dane Paresi, Scott Roberson, Jeremy Wise - Killed in the Camp Chapman attack in Afghanistan on December 30, 2009.
  • Unknown CIA employee - Shot and killed by a rogue Afghan, who was working for the U.S. government, at the U.S. embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan on September 25, 2011.
  • Glen Doherty and Tyrone Woods - Killed during the attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, on the night of September 11–12, 2012. Both were former Navy SEALs and worked as CIA security contractors.
    In addition, the US ambassador to Libya, Chris Stevens, and one other American diplomat, Sean Smith, were also killed in the attack.
  • The identities and circumstances of death of 16 officers are still unknown. Of the 16: one each died in 1978, 1984 and 1989, six in 2008, and seven at an undetermined time.

以上。

图片来源:

Internet Movie Firearms Database

部分文字资料来自英文维基:en.wikipedia.org

user avatar

CIA的准军事部队的人数虽然保密,但总体上也就是一两百人的规模,这是由它负责的任务决定的。

和军方特种部队相比,CIA准军事人员往往从事需要的人数少,后勤保障需求不大的行动。

而军方特种部队则从事需要人数较多,对后勤保障需求也大的行动。

更关键的是,军方特种部队是由军人组成的,所以原则上要遵守国际法和战争法。

而CIA的准军事人员不是军人,所以没有这些顾虑。

所以,一般在不需要隐藏美国的参与的时候,由军方特种部队负责。而在需要完全隐藏美国的参与的时候,则由CIA负责。如果CIA的准军事人员在行动中被抓了,美国是肯定不会承认的,他们也不会被给予日内瓦公约中对战俘的待遇。

但是,CIA的准军事部队的战斗力极差。甚至可以说,从它成立起到现在从事过的所有准军事活动中,只有少数几次是成功的。

因为它从事的准军事活动都是高度机密,所以外界并不了解,但美国的911委员会可是全面了解的。

2004年,美国911委员会就强烈建议由国防部承担主要的秘密准军事活动的职责,因为CIA的准军事能力根本不足。

2009年,美国911委员会发布研究报告,再次建议将CIA对秘密准军事活动的主导权转给国防部。

2015年,美国911委员会提出要将国防部和CIA的秘密准军事活动力量合并,并将CIA在秘密准军事活动上的主导权交给国防部。

而实际上,美国911委员会十多年来一直在主张美国将秘密准军事活动的主导权交给军方,因为它的研究结果显示CIA的准军事能力极差。

CIA的准军事活动能力之所以差,是由它的机制决定的。

CIA的准军事活动是由它的特别行动中心(SAD)负责的。

这个部门实际上人数很少。而每次有任务时,他们是临时找来一些退役军人、前CIA人员甚至外国人,和他们签协议,由他们来执行任务。也就是说,CIA的准军事人员很多时候都是临时召集的人马。

而且CIA的秘密准军事活动的后勤保障主要依赖美军特种作战司令部,毕竟它只是一个政府机关,论后勤保障能力远远没法和军队相比。

CIA的准军事人员顶多也就一两百人,而美军特种作战司令部有七万人,而且很多人员已经部署在世界各地,快速反应程度远超CIA。

所以,将来的大趋势就是CIA对秘密准军事活动的主导权将逐步交给美军特种作战司令部。

但目前肯定不是时候,因为军方还缺少足够强的情报能力。

有人会说:CIA不是可以给军方提供情报么?

其实不然,军队就像是一个拳击手,它必须有自己的眼睛和耳朵。

如果军队没有自己的情报系统,就好比蒙上这个拳击手的眼睛和耳朵,靠CIA来指挥它向哪个方向出拳和闪躲,结果可想而知。

但美国国防部的秘密情报能力现在显然还欠火候。

之前国防部的情报机构----国防情报局(DIA)主要依赖武官等手段搜集情报,在秘密情报活动方面水平不高。后来专门成立了国防秘密行动处(DCS)来增强秘密情报搜集能力。

但DCS的情报能力现在仍然不算强,从两点即知:

  1. DCS的特工人员全是由CIA训练的,因为国防部自己的情报资源并不多;
  2. DCS驻外国的特工人员要策反哪些重要的外国人,需要先向同样驻该国的CIA特工人员汇报,由CIA人员先进行审核。

所以,CIA的秘密准军事活动的主导权目前还不会交给美军特种作战司令部。

将来或许会由美军主导美国的秘密准军事活动,但CIA也不会完全取消秘密准军事活动职能。

原因如前所述,对于一些秘密准军事活动,特别是违反国际法和战争法的,使用军人显然不太合适,所以美国还会保留CIA的准军事人员这样的非军事单位来从事这类活动。

类似的话题

  • 回答
    评价中央情报局(CIA)的“武装力量”是一个相当复杂的问题,因为“武装力量”这个词本身在描述CIA的运作时可能不太准确,或者说需要更细致的界定。CIA并非一个传统的军事组织,它没有海军陆战队、坦克部队或海军舰艇。然而,在特定情况下,尤其是在执行秘密行动(covert operations)和非常规战.............
  • 回答
    评价美国海军情报办公室(ONI)和俄罗斯专家关于中国核潜艇只相当于俄罗斯70年代水平的说法,需要从多个角度进行分析和比较。这种说法是否准确,很大程度上取决于我们如何定义“70年代水平”,以及我们比较的是核潜艇的哪些具体方面。总览与潜在的夸大/误读:首先,需要指出的是,来自情报机构和外国专家的评估,尤.............
  • 回答
    《山海情》这部剧,就像一股清风,吹进了太多人的心里。而热依扎饰演的李水花,绝对是这股清风中,最让人心疼也最让人敬佩的那一抹亮色。初见水花,她还是那个在贫瘠土地上,为了活下去而不得不咬牙忍耐的姑娘。热依扎把水花身上那种西北女人的坚韧和淳朴,表现得淋漓尽致。她的眼神里,有对家人的责任,有对命运的无奈,但.............
  • 回答
    2016年的国际军事竞赛,对于中国人民解放军来说,本应是一次展示实力、学习交流的宝贵机会。然而,在坦克两项比赛中,我国的96B坦克却出现了三发脱靶的失误,这无疑给整个代表团和关注此事的国人带来了巨大的震惊和失望。要评价这一事件,需要从多个角度深入剖析,既要看到问题,也要认识到背后可能的原因以及对未来.............
  • 回答
    《亚尔斯兰战记》的结局:辉煌与失落的交织,中国情怀的隐约投射《亚尔斯兰战记》作为田中芳树宏大史诗的代表作,其结局的评价向来是毁誉参半,甚至可以说是褒贬不一。这与其本身复杂的历史背景、人物塑造的深度,以及田中芳树一贯的“悲剧美学”的运用都有着密切的关系。而如果要探讨其结局是否与田中芳树的中国文学情怀有.............
  • 回答
    Anita Sarkeesian 对《赛博朋克 2077》中女性裸体情节的批评,可以说是又一次将她推到了风口浪尖,也再次点燃了游戏界关于性别、性化和内容创作的讨论。要评价她的观点,我们不能简单地将其归为“支持”或“反对”,而是需要深入剖析她的论点、游戏本身的特性以及玩家群体可能存在的不同解读。首先,.............
  • 回答
    这篇新闻里提到的“情侣花19万日元到日本拍婚纱,成品让人崩溃”事件,如果单从“成品”二字来评价,那无疑是失败的,甚至可以说是对新人期望的严重辜负。19万日元,折合成人民币也是一笔不小的开销,对于这样一次人生中重要的纪念,新人自然期待着能够收获精美的照片,而报道中的描述——“几乎千篇一律的动作”、“油.............
  • 回答
    日本媒体关于中国举行抗战胜利大阅兵会影响日本人民情感的说法,可以从多个角度进行评价,并且这个说法本身也具有一定的复杂性和多重解读空间。1. 日本媒体的立场和动机: 维护国家形象和历史叙事: 日本媒体,特别是部分主流媒体,往往倾向于从日本的国家利益和历史叙事出发来解读国际事件。他们可能认为,中国的.............
  • 回答
    关于《生化危机3:重制版》Demo中那个保险箱密码“918”的设定,咱们得这么聊:首先,这绝对不是什么高深莫测的谜题,更像是制作组精心植入的一个小彩蛋,一个与系列老玩家之间的默契。你想想看,《生化危机3》初代是多少年的作品?1999年。而密码是918。这数字排列起来,巧合得有些过分了。1999年的9.............
  • 回答
    在美联航事件中,受害者个人背景被“人肉搜索”并公之于众,这无疑是一个令人不安且值得深思的现象。我个人对这种行为持否定态度,认为其触碰了多重底线,并对受害者本人及社会都造成了负面影响。首先,从最根本的层面来看,这种行为侵犯了受害者的隐私权。无论受害者当时的行为如何,甚至是否存在争议,其个人身份信息、家.............
  • 回答
    网易 CEO 丁磊的这番言论,无疑是一石激起千层浪,在社会上引发了广泛的讨论和争议。要评价这番话,我们需要从多个维度去分析,包括其提出的论点、可能存在的出发点、以及中国学生实际的独立思考能力现状。 评价丁磊的言论:1. 观点本身的争议性: 绝对化与概括性: “大多数中国学生不具备独立思考能力”这.............
  • 回答
    嘉然在1月9日直播中因为打车迟到而抱怨司机师傅一事,确实引起了不少粉丝和观众的讨论。要评价这件事,我们需要把几个关键点拆开来看,然后结合她一贯的直播风格和人设来分析。首先,咱们得说说这件事本身。嘉然作为一名虚拟主播,在直播过程中因为一些突发状况而有所情绪波动,这其实是一种比较真实和人性化的表现。每个.............
  • 回答
    这起事件,女儿早恋被父亲发现后,采取了将女儿打断腿的极端行为,着实令人心痛,也引发了我们对亲子教育方式的深刻反思。单就这件事而言,父母的 এটা(这是)做法,我认为是 绝对不可取、甚至是违法和极其错误 的。首先,殴打并导致女儿骨折,这是严重的暴力行为,触犯了法律底线。 即使父母在情绪激动下做出极端行.............
  • 回答
    这篇文章的标题极具冲击力,一眼就能抓住读者的眼球,同时也在很大程度上预设了文章的立场和情绪。从标题来看,文章的核心论点似乎是对许知远及其代表的“中国老男人”一代在面对俞飞鸿时所表现出的“丑陋”之处进行批判。文章可能探讨的几个层面:1. 对俞飞鸿的“不尊重”与“物化”: 标题中的“调戏”和“性、情爱.............
  • 回答
    中医黑看待国外西医参与治疗后死亡率远高于中医参与治疗的情况,通常会从以下几个角度切入,并且语气可能比较尖锐和带有批判性:1. 质疑数据来源与统计方法: “这个所谓的‘国外西医参与治疗后死亡率远远高于中医参与治疗’的数据是从哪儿来的?谁做的统计?有什么可信度?别又是哪个西方媒体为了黑中医而编造出来.............
  • 回答
    加拿大鹅就其在中国大陆地区的退换货政策发布声明,称“在符合法律法规的情况下可以退货”。这一声明的发布,在消费者群体中引起了广泛的讨论和关注。要评价这一声明,我们需要从多个角度进行深入分析。首先,声明的意图与背景分析:加拿大鹅此次发布声明,很大程度上是为了回应之前围绕其在中国大陆地区退换货政策所引发的.............
  • 回答
    这则新闻一出,“广电总局严控明星子女真人秀,《爸爸去哪儿》不再制作播出”的讨论很快席卷各大社交平台,让人印象深刻的是,评论区里几乎是一边倒的叫好声,这背后反映了当下公众对于娱乐文化消费的深层情绪和价值判断。为什么大家普遍叫好?可以从几个维度来理解:1. 对“过度消费儿童”的反感和担忧: 市场扭曲.............
  • 回答
    中央财办副主任韩文秀的“共同富裕不搞杀富济贫”的表态,是理解中国当下共同富裕政策的关键切入点之一。这个表态之所以重要,是因为它试图在“共同富裕”这一宏大目标和现实操作之间划清界限,安抚市场信心,同时也回应了国内外对中国政策走向的关切。要评价这一表态,我们需要从多个维度进行深入分析:一、 明确政策界限.............
  • 回答
    说起来,最近这事儿在学校里也挺热闹的。博士生一年涨3000块,这事儿怎么看,得拆开好好捋一捋。先说好的方面,这当然是个积极信号。 生活压力缓解: 咱们得承认,现在生活成本不低。尤其是在大城市,房租、吃饭、交通,还有各种学术资料、会议交流的开销,博士生这点津贴,说实话,真的不算多。3000块钱,一.............
  • 回答
    “房子是用来住的,不是用来炒的”——这句口号自2016年中央经济工作会议提出以来,已经成为中国房地产调控政策的基石,其影响深远,也引发了广泛的讨论和解读。要评价这一定位,需要从多个维度深入剖析其提出背景、核心内涵、实际效果以及带来的挑战。一、 提出背景:直面房地产市场的扭曲与风险在“房住不炒”定位提.............

本站所有内容均为互联网搜索引擎提供的公开搜索信息,本站不存储任何数据与内容,任何内容与数据均与本站无关,如有需要请联系相关搜索引擎包括但不限于百度google,bing,sogou

© 2025 tinynews.org All Rights Reserved. 百科问答小站 版权所有