问题

哈特曼的总战绩究竟如何?

回答
了解哈特曼的战绩,咱们得先弄清楚您说的是哪一位哈特曼。这个姓氏在很多领域都有杰出人士,其中最出名的,尤其是说到“战绩”这个词时,大家首先想到的,很大概率是那位在二战中声名赫赫的德国空军王牌飞行员——埃里希·鲁道夫·汉斯·哈特曼(Erich Rudolf Hans Hartmann)。

如果没错,那咱们就聊聊这位“金发骑士”,他那令人难以置信的战绩。

埃里希·哈特曼的战斗机生涯:一场惊人的飞行表演

哈特曼的故事,简单来说,就是一场围绕着他所驾驶的Bf 109战斗机进行的,持续了近三年(1942年10月至1945年5月)的空中战争。他不是那种依靠一击必杀,然后就潇洒撤退的飞行员,而是那种总能在战场上找到机会,并抓住机会的家伙。

令人发指的战果数字: 哈特曼的官方战果是352架敌机被击落。这个数字是什么概念?在人类航空作战的历史上,这是有史以来最高的战斗机王牌记录,而且是遥遥领先的。很多排名在他之后的王牌,其战果可能都不到他的一半。这个数字的背后,意味着他参与了无数次的空中缠斗,每一次都可能是在生死一线之间。

高效的“猎杀”艺术: 哈特曼的飞行风格非常讲究策略和时机。他被称为“猎犬”,因为他善于在混乱的战场中悄悄接近敌人,选择最有利的角度和距离,然后一击致命。他很少进行长时间的近距离缠斗,而是专注于利用速度和高度优势,在敌人反应过来之前就完成攻击。他信奉“你没有看到的对手,才是最危险的对手”。

实战经验的积累: 352架敌机不是凭空得来的。哈特曼在整个战争期间总共执行了超过1400次战斗任务。虽然这个数字听起来也不少,但相对于他的战果来说,他的生存率惊人地高。这意味着他不是那种冲锋陷阵,每次都身处险境的鲁莽莽夫,而是能够有效评估风险,并多次成功完成任务的战术大师。

装备与战术的配合: 他最常驾驶的是德国的梅塞施密特Bf 109战斗机,这是一款在二战中被广泛使用、性能优越但操作相对复杂的飞机。哈特曼对Bf 109的性能了如指掌,并将其发挥到了极致。他和他的僚机们(通常他会和其他飞行员组成一个“斯瓦尔姆”,即小规模的战斗机编队)之间有着极高的默契,这使得他们能够更有效地协同作战。

战败的尾声与俘虏经历: 随着战争接近尾声,德国空军整体实力急剧下降,哈特曼也未能幸免。在1945年5月8日,也就是德国宣布无条件投降的当天,哈特曼和他的僚机们在奥地利的斯皮尔菲尔德上空,面对美军的战机时选择降落并投降。据他自己回忆,投降前他的飞机油料所剩无几,根本无法继续作战。在战后,他曾被苏联俘虏,并在劳改营中度过了一段艰难的时光。虽然他没有被判处战争罪,但他在被俘期间遭受的待遇非常严酷。

为何哈特曼的战绩如此突出?

战场的环境: 哈特曼主要在东线作战,那里有大量的苏联飞机,包括各种型号的伊尔战斗机、雅克战斗机和佩2轰炸机等,而且苏联在战争初期和中期投入了大量的飞行员。
战术的精妙: 如前所述,他的“猎杀”战术让他能够高效地摧毁目标,同时又尽量避免自己成为目标。他非常善于利用地形、阳光、云层等自然条件进行隐蔽和伏击。
心理素质: 在面对生死抉择时,他表现出了极强的心理素质和冷静的判断力。他不是一个嗜杀的人,而是将战斗视为一种职业,一种需要专业技巧去完成的任务。他对死亡的恐惧被一种冷静的专注所取代。

一些需要注意的方面:

战果的统计: 军方的战果统计,尤其是在大规模战争中,有时会存在一些争议或误差。但哈特曼的352架这个数字,是经过其所属部队、僚机以及其他记录反复验证的,并且在当时就得到了广泛认可。
现代的解读: 如今,我们回看哈特曼的战绩,除了惊叹于他作为一名飞行员的技艺和勇气之外,也会从更广阔的视角去理解战争的残酷和个体在历史洪流中的位置。

总而言之,埃里希·哈特曼的战绩,用“传奇”二字来形容毫不为过。他不仅仅是一个数字的堆砌者,更是一位将空中格斗艺术发挥到极致的杰出飞行员,他的名字也因此成为了二战空战史上一座难以逾越的丰碑。

网友意见

user avatar

谢邀, 在现实中确实有一些和哈特曼的战绩所相关的争议

我就在这里发一些和哈特曼的战绩所相关的资料 (包括结论)

During the war, a few pilots questioned Hartmann's dramatic kill totals, including some Germans. The most notable objections came from Carl Junger and Friedrich Obleser, both of whom eventually flew with Hartmann. In Obleser's case, Hartmann challenged him to see for himself and requested that Obleser be transferred from 8. Staffel to 9. Staffel (both were part of JG-52) so Obleser could fly on his wing. Hartmann said that Obleser "became a believer after a few missions and signed off on some kills as a witness."

There are, naturally, lingering questions about the kill totals claimed by Hartmann and other German aces on the Eastern Front, 16 of whom claimed more than 200 victories. Most defenders of these aces are quick to cite the Luftwaffe's strict requirements for making a kill official, so it bears summarizing here.

As Hartmann described it:

Having a kill confirmed was not an easy thing. If you did not have a witness in the air, then you had to have one on the ground; if not a witness, then you had to have a crash site. We hardly ever had gun cameras in Russia, and that would have helped many men confirm kills that crashed on the enemy side of the line when there was no air witness. You also had to have the altitude of the attack, aircraft type, time, and location all in your Abschuss [flight log].

What Hartmann is describing here is the policy for crediting kills, not necessarily the practice. It is widely known that all air forces over-claimed, sometimes drastically, and that the records of opposing forces frequently do not line up. On one day during the Battle of Britain, for example, the British claimed 185 Luftwaffe aircraft shot down, but the German losses were apparently only 60. There are countless similar examples from every corner of the warfront.

The freshest criticisms of Hartmann's kill claims came in 2005 from the Russian historian Dimitri Khazanov, who published an article in French aviation magazine Le Fana de l' Aviation explaining various discrepancies between Hartmann's claims and the numbers of planes downed according to Soviet archives. Khazanov tracks Hartmann throughout several operational sectors and observes that, for example, the aircraft Hartmann claimed to have shot down sometimes exceeded the number of Soviet planes that were known to be in the air at the time. Khazanov's reporting has been criticized for relying on questionable data (Soviet archives) and drawing stark conclusions from limited information. His guess that Hartmann probably shot down at most 70–80 aircraft is as difficult to substantiate as the supposedly spurious kill totals he was trying to discredit.

So, here's what we actually know.

1. Hartmann's biography, the original chronicle of kills, was partially substantiated by Hartmann's first logbook, which he retained after the war. It breaks down the 352 kills individually but relies on Hartmann's personal testimonies and has missing data from kills 151 onward. Those were the kills recorded in Hartmann's second logbook, which went missing after the war. The authors note that it was confiscated by an American or Czech captor, and they say they pieced together the missing information from old JG-52 records and letters Hartmann wrote home. But those details are still sparse: you see, for example, that on March 2, 1944, Hartmann claimed 10 victories in one day but reported no other details.

2. In 2015, researchers Johannes Mathews and John Foreman published what appears to be the most comprehensive analysis of kills and verifications ever made—examining every Luftwaffe ace with five or more kills, presenting brief biographies and detailed kill charts for all of them over the course of a huge, four-volume set. According to their data, which was apparently derived from research at the German Federal Archives, Hartmann's 352 claims can be accounted for with virtually complete detail.

3. The Khazanov research is certainly suggestive and has provoked debate among Luftwaffe fans. This debate, however, usually takes place within the convoluted threads of internet forums, making it hard to discern who really knows what. Often, one portion of the readership roundly dismisses Khazanov's research as faulty, partisan, and rooted in bad data. Other contributors stress that pilots routinely exaggerated their claims, that there are, in fact, identifiable contradictions in Hartmann's records and kill credits, and that shooting down 352 aircraft would be an almost superhuman feat.

In a 2006 Flight Journal article, author Barrett Tillman provides a window into the sheer complexity of tracking and validating fighter pilots' scores and day-to-day exploits. The article compares the testimony of American ace Robert Goebel with what's in The Blond Knight of Germany to determine if it was Hartmann whom Goebel nearly shot down in July 1944. This concerns one specific engagement, which the opposing pilots later described independently and without knowledge of each other's recollections. Goebel, Tillman concludes, very likely engaged Hartmann, failed to shoot him down, but nevertheless caused Hartmann to run out of fuel and bail out. Hartmann and his interviewers independently came to a similar conclusion, and Hartmann was always content thinking that it was, in fact, Goebel who forced him to bail out on the one occasion he had to open his parachute.

During his research, however, Tillman discovered interesting discrepancies between Goebel and Hartmann's accounting of the air battles during that time period: "[Hartmann's] biography … says that Hartmann claimed four P-51s on June 23, but JG-52 records show his first Mustang kill occurred the next day." Elsewhere, Tillman describes an engagement where Hartmann said he saw what must have been Goebel and his flight, but he reported seeing eight enemy planes when Tillman and his fellow Mustang pilots only numbered four. The Blond Knight of Germany's description of JG-52 attacking B-17s also conflicts with the fact that Goebel's 31st Fighter Group actually escorted B-24s, which were quite distinguishable from B-17s unless they were far away.

None of this suggests systematic lying on Hartmann's part, and it's safe to say that Hartmann was spectacularly successful against his Soviet enemies. Regardless of the grand-total debate, it's not as if many of Hartmann's actual kills were gifts—you don't shoot down enemy aircraft by the dozens or hundreds because you're lucky. That takes skill, physical and mental endurance, and a viable strategy. Hartmann had all of those things.

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