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为什么德语总是被黑成是发音最难听的语言? 第1页

  

user avatar   duo-lin-guo-duolingo 网友的相关建议: 
      

德语是典型的“高话题度、低话语权”。

  • 如果一门语言没有高话题度,那么关于这门语言的任何传言都很难广泛流传。荷兰语好不好听?瑞典语好不好听?波兰语好不好听?这些话题恐怕大多数人都绝少会聊起,自然也就少有各种关于它们的段子流传开来。而德语有实力有影响有一定人气,是“招黑”的好苗子。
  • 如果一门语言具有高话语权,那么关于这门语言的很多传言都加了美化滤镜。希腊语好听?拉丁语好听?法语好听?英语好听?这些曾经作为强势文化代表的语言,单从语音特征来看完全走的是不同路数,但在不同的历史时期,在广泛的受众范围内,都曾被竞相模仿吟诵。

需要注意的是,无论是话题度,还是话语权,都是动态变化的

举个例子,18世纪以前,对于欧洲核心地区而言,丹麦王国还算是小有影响的一方诸侯,因而相比远在斯堪的那维亚半岛和偏远海岛上的其它北日耳曼语,丹麦语的话题性也是相对较高的。许多关于丹麦语的段子很早就已经流传开。

当一门语言既没占据文化高位,又受到较多关注时,它和已知主流语言的区别特征常会被放大。

比如——

  • 即使不包含某些区别细微的变体,丹麦语也至少有22个元音音位,远多于欧洲主流语言。
  • 丹麦语有种被称为 stød 的韵律特征,不但听感非常特别,而且会影响到对含义的分辨。
以下几组词听起来非常类似,只是 stød 的区别,对应的含义截然不同:
mor 母亲 - mord 谋杀
hun 她 - hund 狗
bønner 豆类 - bønder 农民(复数形式)

抛开数词体系等段子不提,单是丹麦语语音方面的特点,一度就已成为其它欧洲人调侃的佐料。所谓“含着烫土豆说话”的传言,也由此衍生。

丹麦败于普鲁士之后,逐渐退出竞逐舞台,不再有扩张影响更大范围的机会。丹麦语相关的段子,最终也就仅限于在欧洲临近国家流传。亚洲人一般聊不到丹麦语,也就谈不上刻板印象。

就在丹麦衰落的同时,另一个日耳曼王国如新星般冉冉升起。

在拉丁文化浸润下的欧洲“主流”视野中,从边缘走向中心的德国,成为话题性极高的存在。

由于历史原因,这个凭借军事、工业、科技跃升欧洲顶流的国家,在语言文化维度上,并没有与其综合国力相当的话语权。长此以往,就连典型的德国人,也很少会像某些曾经辉煌过的民族那样,习惯于带着光环看待自己的语言。

相比于意大利语、法语等曾经引领欧陆风尚的语言,德语辅音集群多、闭音节多、擦音多、不习惯连读等诸多特点,被很多人作为“不好听”的理据,这其中不乏社会名流,甚至就连普鲁士的王室贵族,也一度以讲法语为荣。

然而,纵然是权贵名流的说法,也终究不能作为衡量感受的准绳。

有人喜欢,有人无感,都是寻常。

评价一门语言“好听”与否,从来都是主观的,没有权威的标准

为主观认定的“难听”找理论依据,通常只能是先射箭,再画靶

例如,同样是所谓的“大舌颤音”,出现在意大利语中被认为“美妙”,出现在巴伐利亚和奥地利德语中就被认为很多人认为“粗俗”;同样是所谓的“小舌颤音”,出现在法语中被认为“浪漫”,出现在标准德语中就被很多人认为“卡嗓子”……

至于如今法语小舌颤音也常被吐槽像咳痰,很大程度上也因为法语早已失去了昔日的地位,滤镜掉落了

此外,另一个影响我们对某种语言听感印象的因素在于:这门语言出现的主要场景

除了德语外,恐怕很少有哪门语言,在影视中的出场,和战争题材联系得如此紧密。

很多人是在多元场景下听到的英语,在浪漫喜剧中听到的法语,在燃萌番剧中听到的日语,在唯美歌剧中听到的意大利语 …… 在二战影视中听到的德语。场景附带的感情色彩截然不同,也会影响到听者对陌生语言的直观感受。

延伸阅读:

为什么大家总说德语很难?

为什么德语和英语同源,但是法语和英语相似词汇最多?

为什么德语的「医院」和其他欧洲语言差那么多?

《进击的巨人》出现德语元素,在日本作品中属于个例还是普遍现象?

有哪些好看的德剧或者德语电影?

多邻国,免费学习英日韩德法西等40种语言


user avatar   gunter-schoech 网友的相关建议: 
      

I speak 3 of those languages fluently: German as mother tongue, French every day (I live in France since 8 years, my wife is half French, half Spanish), and I lived a year in Spain.

You might say: Since German is your mother tongue, your opinion doesn't count. But I will still give you a few reasons why I think that German is not the most difficult in pronunciation, and what Carlos I really meant:

I am no linguist by training (I am mechanical engineer). But logically, a language is hard to pronounce if

  1. It contains sounds which are hard to pronounce for a foreigner. Apparently, we learn as babies inadvertently to pronounce what we hear. The more different sounds you hear, the more easy it becomes to learn foreign languages with little accent later. As far as I know, German is neither extremely limited in sounds, nor excessively complicated.
    Germans have distinct difficulties in certain foreign languages, because German doesn't contain that sound. The most famous example I can think of is the "th" sound in English. Germans will pronounce it "s" instead.
    That is similar to Chinese who struggle with all kinds of "r", replace it by "l", and thus a Ferrari becomes pronounced Fallali.

    French contains the nasal sounds for vowels which are really tough for most foreigners including Germans.

    Spanish has the rolled "r", which is even much worse for Chinese, and many Germans can's say it either.

    All of this shows, reversely, that German has no extremely complete set of sounds, and thus can not be so difficult in that respect. (Grammar is a very different matter, I have written several times about that on Zhihu)

    From what I heard, Russian is one of the most complete languages in that respect, making it relatively easy for Russians to learn foreign languages.
    I speak a little Polish, which is quite similar to Russian, and I can say that for Polish, I need basically all sounds combined that I learned on top of German in Spanish, French and English. It's a nightmare.
  2. But I think the second point is even more important: In total contrast to French, and to a lesser extend English, German has very precise equivalents between the written and the spoken word. If you know how to say our alphabet, and can read the letters, you can almost read.

    I am just experiencing that with my older son (6) again. He can read now, and is also writing a little.
    In French, the spelling is a nightmare, because 1 pronunciation can have many different written equivalents.

    E.g. the letter "o" sounds exactly like the word for water "eau" (singular), or water in plural "eaux".
    How is the poor child supposed to know that? I could write a book full of similar examples.
    My wife's one grandmother actually came from Hungary. She lived in France for half a century, but never learned to spell correctly.


Now to Carlos I

I suppose you refer to Charles V (Spanish: Carlos; German: Karl; Italian: Carlo; Latin: Carolus; Dutch: Karel, born 24 February 1500 – died 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Spanish Empire as Charles I from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire as Charles V from 1519, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy (French!) from 1506.

People say that in his empire, the sun never set, because he had the Spanish America in the West, and even colonies in Asia, and finally split his kingdom because he felt it was too big.

So he is well places to speak all those languages.

So first of all, he wanted to say: "I need all those languages, because my kingdom spans all those different populations. "

Secondly, he wanted to say: "Different languages have different strengths and weaknesses.

  • Spain at the time was the center of gravity for the Catholic faith, so that was for god.
  • Italian is considered by many to be the most beautiful language. That has to do with the fact that it consists of the highest proportion of vowels. So Italian is great for romance (French is similar in those respects, it's a question of taste, some prefer French, some Italian).
  • "Chilling with gentlemen" is also very social, so why not in French?
  • German however has the reputation among many people to be an "ugly" language. Not difficult, but simply not sounding nice. That might have to do with certain sounds in the throat, and certainly with the relative lack of vowels and probably also intonation: French and Italian have a "melody", almost like a song. German doesn't.
    But again: That means, YOU don't have to learn it either.

    In fact, many French will say that German (and even more Dutch) are like if a dog barks. That might be harsh, but I gladly admit that French is much more beautiful.

    In fact, the Germans themselves are totally in love with the French accent. It makes the speaker instantly very charming.

user avatar   zhu-jing-21-38 网友的相关建议: 
      

之前在网上看到一组关于程序员的漫画,觉得用来回来这个问题很贴切!侵删

最后和程序员身边的朋友们嘱咐一句,就算程序员的工位再乱,也不要帮他整理。否则,当心会毁灭世界哦

-----------------------------------------我是分割线-----------------------------------------

请各位大佬支持一下我的这篇原创问答:




  

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