当我们说留学文书的时候,其实大部分时候说的都是PS,至于CV、推荐信,当然重要,但PS往往才是最核心的部分。
不过PS可没那么容易写好,要知道国内学生上大学后就没有专门的写作课,更不用说英语写作。托福100+也并不能证明一个人能写PS,因为PS更强调写什么,怎么写,而不会过分纠结语法和用词(用词准确、语言流畅已经很好)。
当然,托福雅思高分的同学在写PS的时候依然会出语言上的错误。我们Admitwrite留学平台服务最多的类型就是文书写作和文书修改,学生从二本到C9到清北,都有。
所以我可以非常肯定地说,就算是学神学霸,文书也不敢保证一遍过,清北的学生一样会找别人帮忙修改。而且他们一样会犯大多数都会犯的错误。
比如这位使用我们平台文书修改服务的清华大学的同学,其PS的一小段:
I am currently a fourth-year undergraduate student at Yao Class, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University. I am broadly interested in theoretical computer science. Before college, I have taken part in both mathematics and informatics Olympiad and won medals. Those two disciplines attracted me a lot, I love to prove rigorous theorems in mathematics and I enjoy implementing algorithms to make life better. Thus, I would like to do something related to both mathematics and computer science, so the natural choice is theoretical computer science.
我们导师修改后的版本:
Seeing “hello, world” on the computer screen, I felt an overwhelming power and sense of achievement at the age of nine. Simple as the task was, it shattered the ideological barrier between me and machines, and unlocked my ceaseless passion and pursuit for technology advancement. In 2015 I enrolled in Yao Class, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences of Tsinghua University, and was engrossed in mathematical and informatic researches. The unparallel elegance of automation propels me to explore further in theoretical computer science during my postgraduate phase.
大家自行体会~
可以这么说,独立写PS对于大部分出国留学的同学来说都算得上太勉强,而且很不划算。我们Admitwrite平台每年接手那么多文书案例,很清楚能做到用词准确,行文流畅已经是一件非常难得的事情,更不用说合理安排素材,逻辑清晰,内容充实,没有废话。
一篇PS通常需要改很多遍才合格,我们的导师都是各个方向英语写作大神,但我们依然设置了30天不限次数修改的规则,为什么呢?因为没有谁能保证第一遍写的或者改的PS就是最好的,PS可以越改越好,我们需要学生和导师之间无障碍地沟通,直到改出来的PS是当时最好的版本。
不管怎么说,本篇的主题主要集中在如何避免PS写作的误区,以及如何从零开始写好一篇PS。希望能帮助大家对PS有一个最基本的了解。
误区1:中式英语
下面是一个使用我们平台服务的同学的PS原文,犯的错误也是大多数国内学生会犯的错误——中式英语。
原文片段:
During the one-year LLM program, I touched English legal system for the first time. Although I was told that English/American legal system is substantially different from civil law system, which is applied in China, it was hard to have a comprehensive and personal understanding of the gap. On the first day of semester, an email listing the mandatory reading materials and cases for first class jumped into my email box. I was familiar with reading the textbooks, the statues and the academic articles after 4-year study in law school, but reading cases was completely new. Starting from logging on the case research system, typing long case name into the searching engine, downloading the verdict, it took me 3 hours to read a case named Marshall’s Valve Gear v. Manning Wardle, and got the conclusion that major shareholders had the right to control the action of directors. However, my sense of accomplishment lasted for only 20 minutes as this conclusion was thoroughly denied in the next case Automatic Self-cleasing Filter Syndicate v. Cuningname, in which the judge said that the majority of shareholders cannot impose obligation on directors. Such overturn happened during my whole-weekend reading and made me disoriented time to time.
导师点评:语言掌控力不足,touch、deny是严重的中式英语,英国法律体系用British legal system,描述事件时词汇量、归纳能力不足。
之所以单独把这点拿出来说,是因为在定势思维中,很多人很难意识到自己的用法是错误的,不会过多检查或寻求意见,导致招生官无法从中获得有效信息。因此最好在提交之前征求专业意见,避免因为语言的屏障影响信息的传达。
导师修改后的版本:
The one-year LLM program proffered me a chance to get a glimpse into the British legal system for the first time. Knowing there is a tremendous difference between British/American legal system and the civil law system, practiced in China, is one thing, but studying it is another. Upon receiving the reading list, I found while textbook understanding was smooth, case study was time-consuming and unexpectedly challenging. 3 hours were spent on Marshall’s Valve Gear v. Manning Wardle, and Automatic Self-cleasing Filter Syndicate v. Cuningname just overthrew my conclusion for the former straight after. Such overturns and confusion lasted for the whole weekend.
我们的导师调整了短语、句式,同样的文意采用更地道而专业的表述,一方面避免语意不明,另一方面增强可读性和专业度,展现并突出海外经历和个人专业能力。
误区2:篇幅分配不当
原文片段:
My curiosity started because of my father who works for an investment company as a broker. When I was 14 years old, one day during dinner, I realized that my father was once again absent from the dinner table. This is very unusual for him because ever since I can remember we always have dinner together, so, after dinner I walked into his office and asked him why. The result was very surprising to me, he had lots of issues at work and had lost over 5 million dollars in 2 weeks. He was under a tremendous amount of stress at work. I did not know what I can do at the time, and I want to make him feel better. The only thing I could think of is to talk with him and get his mind off the issue. After a while, I realized that I had turned into his stress reliever, he started to explain to me the issues he had at work, and how he plans to fix it. During the process I became extremely interested in the field and started to find out as much information as I can on my own.
导师评价:这位同学原文概括能力较差,这200字的首段本是要解释选择该专业的原因和起源,但真正有意义的句子只有第一句和最后一句,“父亲的言传身教令我很早就萌生对经济的向往,并开始了自主学习。”中间156词浪费大量篇幅,可以压缩提炼。
不同学校对文书的要求不同,有的学校有明确的文书字数限制,有的只提出内容上的要求,有的则没有特殊要求。在考虑自身经历数量的情况下,先确定文书的长度,按照比例去分配不同的部分,再在各个小部分中找到并突出自己的闪光点。文章开头起到引入或者总领全文的作用,不宜过长,若语言掌控力不强导致文章拖沓、词不达意,会造成不重要的方面浪费过多篇幅,或者文章冗长,可读性低。-+
导师修改后的版本:
My father, a xx broker at xx, sparked my initial interest in finance. When I was 14 years old, noticing my father’s unusual absence at dinner, I visited his office and was astonished to know that he lost over 5 million dollars in 2 weeks. It was at that time did I first realize the potent and monstrous power of market economics. I listened to him explaining the issues at work, and how he planned to fix them. After that I became extremely interested in the field and started to explore as much information as I can on my own.
幼时事例的场景性、冲击性(数字)较强,所以予以保留,增加可读性。通过定语从句等的使用,增加语言的凝练度,首段从200字缩减到100字。
误区3:逻辑混乱
下面这位同学PS原文让人看得十分头大,逻辑混乱会给人非常糟糕的阅读体验。这位同学的PS原文如下:
I always demonstrated good critical thinking abilities during my time in college. I enjoyed expressing my free opinions during lectures, which has instilled passion in me towards music. Thus, with the help of these learning habits, I won the “Studious Award” in the 2015-2016 academic year. Also it has motivated me to pursue a major, music management, such as strategic planning for music business clients. I hope to apply the experience of the orchestra and the knowledge of this course to the Regional festivals every spring after I officially start this course, and join the Sheffield Music Hub to assist in the production of a Sheffield Regional Festival of Music for Youth. I am confident that my academic abilities integrated with my experience and passion for music are compatible with field of music management.
导师点评:逻辑混乱,事实孤立,所以没有说服力。单凭“可以自由表达观点”,理论上无法令一个人对某个领域产生终身向往。文中提到“these learning habits”令学生获得勤奋奖,但前文无任何对学习习惯的描述。同时,文中表示得奖激励自己在该领域继续探索,这个契机/原因稍带功利主义,暗含个人缺乏行动积极性,需再琢磨。前半部分说自己的能力,后半部分说入学打算,最后一句则是对于成功入学的自信,前后毫无联系,一段话没有重点和中心。
文章之所以会出现叙述杂乱无章甚至前后矛盾等各种问题,是因为没有提前确定文章中心和主线、具体各个部分的内容以及它们如何为中心服务。PS的中心可侧重学术能力,可考虑同时烘托学术能力与性格品质,还有的学生希望强化性格品质的体现而弱化客观事实。不管诉求是什么,只有确定一条明确的主线和逻辑链,才能有条不紊地展开写作。
导师修改后的版本:
I am confident that my academic capabilities coupled with my everlasting dedication to music perfectly match your program. With extraordinary critical thinking abilities, I was fond of expressing my opinions freely during lectures, which instilled passion in me towards music. Winning the “Studious Award” in the 2015-2016 academic year, I aspired to pursue music management as my career, such as performing strategic planning for business clients. I anticipate applying the experience of the orchestra and the knowledge of this course to the Regional festivals every spring after I officially start this course, and joining the Sheffield Music Hub to assist in the production of a Sheffield Regional Festival of Music for Youth.
导师首先确认中心句,即对个人能力的总结和自信。而后用碎片经历例证个人能力,引入职业目标,再条理清晰地描述、总结学术规划。
误区4:泛泛而谈,缺乏细节
原文片段:
When I see how I can merge design together with other subjects that I am interested in, for example, sociology, philosophy and literature. Being encouraged, I have browsed a lot of involving websites and books which has strengthened my determination of studying interaction design. Besides, this course has cultivated my interest in the design of tangible devices. After two weeks’ study of arduino, I tried to design a tangible product with arduino.
导师点评:该段先写了解海外教育去台湾交换,了解到可以进行跨学科研究,而后介绍自己通过浏览网站和阅读书籍,用Arduino设计了一个产品。交换期间的收获只提到了其他大学现在的研究状况,并未表明自己实际做了什么。而后设计了产品设计中遇到了什么问题,怎么解决的,这些能够体现个人成长和能力的方面一概不知。文章重点不明,表面上举了两个例子,实际上无更多细节佐证,导致事例的力度都砸在了海绵上。
文章重在言之有物,既有个人志向和行动,也要有过程和解析。贴着表面泛泛而谈的PS只不过是一篇扩充成文章的CV而已。个人简历中已有完整的客观事实,而PS则是利用个人规划、高光时刻等将重要事例串起来,讲述有意义的心得与收获。如果招生官在PS中得不到更多有效信息,那便是白白浪费了陈述自己的机会。
导师修改后的版本:
My interest in Interaction Design stems from college. Majoring in Internet and New Media at Sun Yat-Sen University, China, courses about graphic design and user research greatly appealed to me and led me to find my calling in design. In second semester of junior year, in order to gain deeper understanding of the overseas interaction design education, I endeavoured to participate in the exchange program at the School of Design at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), where I witnessed how subjects could be merged, say, sociology, philosophy and literature. Inspired and encouraged, I browsed relevant websites and books and was more amazed by the interdisciplinary possibilities. Besides, after two weeks’ study of Arduino, I managed to design a tangible product xxxx.
我们的导师去掉了无法体现个人特长的事实,长短句搭配增加可读性,搭配定语从句等提高书面度,调整叙述结构,细节等待补充。
误区5:简单罗列经历,中心不明
原文片段:
Attributed to the years of undergraduate training which enabled me to systematically exposed to financial concepts and theories, apart from course learning, I have also immersed myself in reading Economics and Finance related books such as International Economics: Theory and Policy for independent study professional knowledge and skills in international finance and trade field. Remarkably, my prominent performance in academics witnessed my award of scholarships and elite student for many times. Fruitfully, assiduous endeavors make me stand out, and I felt more than honored to been selected as one of two students to take the government-sponsored exchange study opportunity at University of Bremen for almost half a year. Thanks to major courses taken during the exchange period, such as Transportation Economics, International Business Environment, Economic Research Methodology, I have also been equipped with conceptual framework for Economics and Business field from an international perspective. Particularly, intrigued by the rigorous academic spirit as well as an attitude of respect and understanding towards different opinions, I have been cultivated strong aspiration to further study in the West, with its more open culture and flexible educational environment. My undergraduate study, on the whole, would definitely stand me in good stead in my future postgraduate study.
导师点评:文中学生列举了很多优秀的表现,这些在个人简历中都有体现,罗列在一起并不会更有说服力。在有限字数的文书中,如何挑选高光经历从而最大程度地体现个人竞争力尤为重要。PS要展现过去经历的灵魂,也就是个人有什么成长,而不是简单的复述。很多学生会不加挑选地将事例按顺序全部写上,这样的PS没有实际意义。要挑选少数(根据字数限制选择个数)与所申请专业最契合、最能体现专业能力或可移植能力、体现想表现的性格品质的完整事例并展开挖掘,升华形成一条“学术之路”,让招生官认同你的努力和追求。
导师修改后的版本:
Apart from four years’ systematic and demanding training on financial concepts and theories, I have also immersed myself in completing replenishing reading lists such as International Economics: Theory and Policy for independent study professional knowledge and skill introduction in international finance and trade field. In 20xx I was selected as one of the two students to take the government-sponsored exchange study opportunity at University of Bremen for almost half a year. Based on the major courses taken during the exchange period, such as Transportation Economics, International Business Environment, Economic Research Methodology, I have acquired a working understanding of conceptual framework for Economics and Business field from an international perspective. Particularly, intrigued by the rigorous academic spirit as well as respect and encouragement for different opinions, I aspire to continue my further study in a more open and flexible environment. My academic capabilities would facilitate my future postgraduate study at xx University.
删掉自我认可成绩的两句话,将论述风格拉回客观。梳理所选经历的主线,递进式地体现学生的成长,在表述上注意前后文的连接。
当然PS的写作误区肯定不止这几点,如果希望观摩更多案例,可以关注我们的专栏和公众号。
本科申请的PS可以更加自由发挥,写法也不太固定,因此我们接下来要讲的,是针对研究生申请的,更加偏向于SOP的个人陈述。
写作前准备工作,知己知彼方能百战不殆!
再正式写作之前,我们还得做两个了解:
◆了解自己,
◆了解学校/专业/项目。
了解自己,就需要对自己反思,自我探索;对学校/专业/项目的了解,你可以通过官网,通过在那学习过的学长学姐,通过网络论坛,通过交流活动。总之,用你能用到方法去了解。
而我们对自己进行反思,对学校/专业/项目进行了解的目的,就是为了回答以下几个问题:
为什么选择这个专业? 为什么选择这个项目? 为什么选择这个学校? 为什么适合这个专业? 为什么适合这个项目? 为什么适合这个学校?
通过对自己提问,反思,你就能理清自己选择背后的动机,然后再用反思的答案去回答以下问题:
怎么样的过往让你形成了最初的选择(我们要了解你的过去,你选择这个专业的理由,好知道你是真的喜欢这个专业);
你在选择之后经历了怎样的磨练,有哪些收获(什么样的经历造就了现在这个正在申请的你);
申请这个专业/项目/学校,对你未来的发展有什么帮助和影响。
而要具体地回答这些问题,我们要对自己进行更加深入的挖掘,看看自己有哪些经历是可以作为素材使用的:
1、你的个人爱好 2、你完成过的项目或课题 3、你做过的特别的工作或者承担的责任 4、你获得过的荣誉和成就 5、改变过你的主要事件 6、你克服过的挑战或者个人障碍 7、激励你申请这项专业的个人经历 8、影响过你或者是鼓励过你的人 9、你培养起来的特质,工作兴趣,态度和灵敏度 10、你的目标和规划 ……
更偏SOP的个人陈述,在经历的选择上应该以专业为核心进行阐述。
(懒人的福利:如果你不知道PS里面到底写什么,应该准备什么素材,我们平台会提供一份资料收集表,同时分配一个专业匹配的导师帮助你完成文书的创作。)
误区提示:需要注意的是,个人经历千万不要写太久远的事情,比如你为什么选择这个专业,你一来就说“when i was a child……”。写出直接影响你作出选择的那件事情。这样写的好处是逻辑非常严密。如果写太多遥远的经历,容易使这种逻辑性变弱,让人感觉一下找不到重点。
一篇文章的结构大致有这么几种:
1、并列式:文章各部分的内容没有主次轻重之分。
2、总分式;先总述,再分说。这种关系还可以演变为“分—总”或“总—分—总”的结构方式。
3、对照式:文中两部分内容或进行对比,或用这部分内容烘托另一部分内容。 4、递进式:文章几部分内容逐层深入。
其中总分总(开头、主体、结尾)是PS最常见的结构,按照前面的一系列反思和了解,我们可以这样安排:
开头写选择这个专业的动机(过去的你)
中间写你选择这个专业后的经历,有什么收获和成长;要申请的学校/专业/项目如何,自己是怎么怎么适合这里(现在的你)
最后写你将来的学习方向和职业规划,对未来的展望(未来的你)
发现没有,不管是写过去、现在还是未来,它们都是和你所选择的专业领域紧密相关的。
(当然,小A只是提供一个大概,具体怎么安排,分几段写,看同学们自己的需求。)
比如我们之前的一个案例中,学生是这样写的:
1、他用极其简洁的语句回顾了少年时的某件事,这件事开启了他对于将要申请的这个专业的兴趣。这也成为他在国内念本科时选择这个专业的原因。
2、然后他大篇幅介绍了他在学习专业课程以及实践过程中遇到的困难,以及自己是如何克服这些困难的,顺带描述了团队合作的情节。通过这部分的描写,一位对自己的专业怀有极大兴趣探求真理的坚韧努力的主人公的形象跃然纸上,他克服困难并且变得更自信的描写,更是深深地打动人心。
3、接着他用比较短的篇幅表达了自己打算继续深造的意愿,并且列举了要申请的高校、专业、项目的情况,包括科研成就和培养学生的方式等,来证明自己是多么地合适这个学校、专业、项目。
4、最后,他又用很短的篇幅写自己未来的发展规划。
这样的一篇PS就算是基本合格的PS,真正展示出了自己的特点,对学校和申请的专业方向也进行了比较准确的归纳。
当然我们也可以用小标题的方式将这种结构更加清晰化,将文章分成不同的部分又互相联系,也可以将申请人的形象生动、全面地表现了出来。
结构不一定只有一种,但有些同学想要别出心裁,自创结构,最终的效果却是逻辑欠缺,给人阅读障碍。其实大家也不必去想什么新奇的结构,就用最简单的总分总就完全足够。
在搞清楚我们要使用的文章结构之后,就要确定我们该以何种风格去写这篇PS了。
前面已经提到,本科申请的PS就是personal statement,而研究生申请中,PS可以当作SOP。
严谨
PS虽然是关于自我的文章,但绝对不是散文,不能写到哪是哪。和文学创作不太一样的是,PS的写作的框架更加死板,你要写的主题基本上都是固定的,它要求你的每一段经历,每一句话都有目的性,都是在阐述主题,表达你自己。你要做的就是在有限的框架内去尽可能展现自己的个性和特质。正所谓“戴着镣铐起舞”。尤其是研究生申请中的PS,与其称之为漫谈,不如叫做学术写作,严谨是最基本的要求之一。
严谨这一要求给整篇文章定下了一个基调,那就是拒绝浮夸、虚假、无关的信息。作为学校,他们希望从你的字里行间读出的,是一个思维严谨,逻辑清晰,认真对待事物,积极向上,充满热情的有为青年的形象。
语言
要知道committee阅读每个人的PS的时间非常短,如果你拐弯抹角,绕来绕去,无疑增加了工作人员的获取有用信息的难度。因此我们建议大家尽量不要废话。比如把核心信息直接放在段落的开头也是一个不错的办法,这样读者一下就知道你要说的是什么了。
对于申请美国大学的同学们来说,故事是写作PS经常使用的方式,而且美国人也喜欢这样的方式,读起来轻松。但如果你总是长句和大段密集的文字,这个故事读起来恐怕也不会太轻松。PS毕竟考察的不是语句的复杂程度,而是表达是否准确到位。
一篇文章的风格一定程度上也是跟你的用词有关的,比如小A经常见到有同学喜欢用distinguished,excellent之类的词。这种词语一旦多了,整篇PS的风格就会显得很浮夸。PS最主要地表现自己的方式无疑是通过具体的事例,当然你也可以别出心裁的方式去吸引读者的注意,但这绝对不包括用浮夸的词语。
用具体的经历去说明你的能力和特质
很可惜我们见过的案例中,许多同学都在一点上处理不好。比如说我们评价自己的时候,说“我行动力强、积极乐观、幽默……”无论你说多少优点,作为陌生人,其实都很难去相信。你可以用行动去证明,当然,你也可以将你的优点转化为具体的事例。
在PS写作当中,我们讲述具体经历的时候,可以遵循这个框架:你做了什么,怎么做的(具体过程,用了什么方法),结果是什么,你收获了什么。不要单纯重复简历上已有的内容。
你说你行动力强,你就去讲一个可以证明你这个优点的经历,比如曾经老师布置了一个非常难以完成的课题XXX,但你通过(1、2、3)种方式,解决了(1、2、3)种困难,在一个月之内就完成了这个任务,最终掌握了XXX学会了XXX。当读者看完你的经历,不但会直观地感受到你是一个行动力强的人,而且也能看到你其他的优点……
写到这里,相信大家对于如何写好一篇PS/SOP,以及一篇好的PS/SOP是怎样的有了大致的了解。道理大家很容易明白,但实际写,我相信绝大部分同学都会遇到非常多的问题,甚至依然无法写出一个像样的开头。
正所谓——我听过了许多大道理,但依然写不好一篇PS/SOP。
这不怪你自己,写不好才是正常。我们平台有几百个美国top30,英国G5水平的留学生导师和外籍导师,他们也没几个敢说当初自己申请写文书so eazy。
如果你没把握自己搞定PS,那效率最高的方式是——果断就找其他人,或者找机构帮忙。
不过我并不是说随便找个人或者机构就可以,找别人写文书,对这个人的要求自然不能低。无论是找个人还是找机构,大家一定要明白,真正帮你写文书的,是一个人,他的能力和负责任的程度,基本决定了你文书的质量。
说能力,最适合帮你写文书的应该是什么样的人?我们给出的答案是有海外名校留学背景的学长学姐。UCLA,UIUC,加州伯克利行不行?哈佛,斯坦福,普林斯顿,MIT……行不行?显而易见,这个群体是最有资格帮你写文书的。
还有一个我们平台一直强调的同专业匹配的问题,申请中我们一直说要和学校项目match,找导师,也要match,否则他甚至没有你了解你想申请的专业。
如果你已经写好了初稿,只是想做进一步修改、润色,我们平台也有许多优秀的外籍导师,他们能够提供非常native的英语写作,让你的PS更加地道!
当然,无论是文书写作还是文书修改,我们都提供30天不限次数修改服务,根据统计,来Admitwrite使用文书服务的同学,无论是文书写作还是文书修改,最终被修改的次数,基本上都在2次以上,多的可能有5、6次。大家出去找留学机构,不给你多次修改机会的,请你一定要当心。因为文书都是改出来的,不允许多次修改就是耍流氓!
对于导师的选择,我们建议大家在选择一个导师前,先利用免费试改的机会,来自己判断我们平台导师的实力。免费试改可以让你避开很多坑,不过这个福利恐怕大部分传统留学机构都是没有的。
作为留学这个行业里面最具代表性的留学平台,我们也希望通过努力,为大家的留学圆一个梦。同时也希望通过我们的高标准,带动其他留学机构,改革留学模式,让机构更好地服务大家。
当然也可以先去官网看看我们的导师背景哦
更多留学资讯欢迎关注AdmitWrite留学平台专栏——【海外名校申请经验】,专栏主要内容包括但不限于申请经历,就读体验,专业前景,就业分析等。想看更多的申请经历以及就读体验。
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